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Image recognition with prototypes is considered an interpretable alternative for black box deep learning models. Classification depends on the extent to which a test image "looks like" a prototype. However, perceptual similarity for humans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Meike Nauta , Annemarie Jutte , Jesper Provoost , Christin Seifert

Deep neural networks that yield human interpretable decisions by architectural design have lately become an increasingly popular alternative to post hoc interpretation of traditional black-box models. Among these networks, the arguably most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Adrian Hoffmann , Claudio Fanconi , Rahul Rade , Jonas Kohler

As AI systems grow more capable, it becomes increasingly important that their decisions remain understandable and aligned with human expectations. A key challenge is the limited interpretability of deep models. Post-hoc methods like GradCAM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Mahdi Alehdaghi , Rajarshi Bhattacharya , Pourya Shamsolmoali , Rafael M. O. Cruz , Maguelonne Heritier , Eric Granger

As machine learning (ML) models and datasets increase in complexity, the demand for methods that enhance explainability and interpretability becomes paramount. Prototypes, by encapsulating essential characteristics within data, offer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Orfeas Menis-Mastromichalakis , Giorgos Filandrianos , Jason Liartis , Edmund Dervakos , Giorgos Stamou

In meta-learning approaches, it is difficult for a practitioner to make sense of what kind of representations the model employs. Without this ability, it can be difficult to both understand what the model knows as well as to make meaningful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Pedro Sandoval-Segura , Wallace Lawson

With the availability of large databases and recent improvements in deep learning methodology, the performance of AI systems is reaching or even exceeding the human level on an increasing number of complex tasks. Impressive examples of this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-29 Wojciech Samek , Thomas Wiegand , Klaus-Robert Müller

Classifying images with an interpretable decision-making process is a long-standing problem in computer vision. In recent years, Prototypical Part Networks has gained traction as an approach for self-explainable neural networks, due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zhijie Zhu , Lei Fan , Maurice Pagnucco , Yang Song

When we are faced with challenging image classification tasks, we often explain our reasoning by dissecting the image, and pointing out prototypical aspects of one class or another. The mounting evidence for each of the classes helps us…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Chaofan Chen , Oscar Li , Chaofan Tao , Alina Jade Barnett , Jonathan Su , Cynthia Rudin

Vision models are interpretable when they classify objects on the basis of features that a person can directly understand. Recently, methods relying on visual feature prototypes have been developed for this purpose. However, in contrast to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Peter Hase , Chaofan Chen , Oscar Li , Cynthia Rudin

Prototypical networks aim to build intrinsically explainable models based on the linear summation of concepts. Concepts are coherent entities that we, as humans, can recognize and associate with a certain object or entity. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Hugues Turbé , Mina Bjelogrlic , Gianmarco Mengaldo , Christian Lovis

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown great ability in modeling graph-structured data for various domains. However, GNNs are known as black-box models that lack interpretability. Without understanding their inner working, we cannot fully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Enyan Dai , Suhang Wang

Prototype models are an important method for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and interpretable machine learning. In this paper, we perform an in-depth analysis of a set of prominent prototype models including ProtoPNet, ProtoPool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Philipp Schlinge , Steffen Meinert , Martin Atzmueller

Interpretability is a key requirement for the use of machine learning models in high-stakes applications, including medical diagnosis. Explaining black-box models mostly relies on post-hoc methods that do not faithfully reflect the model's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Kerol Djoumessi , Bubacarr Bah , Laura Kühlewein , Philipp Berens , Lisa Koch

Transformer language models are state of the art in a multitude of NLP tasks. Despite these successes, their opaqueness remains problematic. Recent methods aiming to provide interpretability and explainability to black-box models primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Felix Friedrich , Patrick Schramowski , Christopher Tauchmann , Kristian Kersting

Prototypical parts-based models offer a "this looks like that" paradigm for intrinsic interpretability, yet they typically struggle with ImageNet-scale generalization and often require computationally expensive backbone finetuning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Mikołaj Janusz , Adam Wróbel , Bartosz Zieliński , Dawid Rymarczyk

In this paper I argue that the search for explainable models and interpretable decisions in AI must be reformulated in terms of the broader project of offering a pragmatic and naturalistic account of understanding in AI. Intuitively, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Andrés Páez

Being able to interpret, or explain, the predictions made by a machine learning model is of fundamental importance. This is especially true when there is interest in deploying data-driven models to make high-stakes decisions, e.g. in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 An-phi Nguyen , María Rodríguez Martínez

The widespread use of deep neural networks has achieved substantial success in many tasks. However, there still exists a huge gap between the operating mechanism of deep learning models and human-understandable decision making, so that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Xiaowei Zhou , Jie Yin , Ivor Tsang , Chen Wang

Artificial neural networks have proven to be extremely useful models that have allowed for multiple recent breakthroughs in the field of Artificial Intelligence and many others. However, they are typically regarded as black boxes, given how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Manuel de Sousa Ribeiro , João Leite

Part-prototype Networks (ProtoPNets) are concept-based classifiers designed to achieve the same performance as black-box models without compromising transparency. ProtoPNets compute predictions based on similarity to class-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Andrea Bontempelli , Stefano Teso , Katya Tentori , Fausto Giunchiglia , Andrea Passerini
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