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Despite large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various tasks, they are still suffering from the factual inconsistency problem called hallucinations. For instance, LLMs occasionally generate content that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Taiji Li , Zhi Li , Yin Zhang

Abstractive summarization systems today produce fluent and relevant output, but often "hallucinate" statements not supported by the source text. We analyze the connection between hallucinations and training data, and find evidence that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Daniel King , Zejiang Shen , Nishant Subramani , Daniel S. Weld , Iz Beltagy , Doug Downey

Generative AI can turn scientific articles into narratives for diverse audiences, but evaluating these stories remains challenging. Storytelling demands abstraction, simplification, and pedagogical creativity-qualities that are not often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Alex Argese , Pasquale Lisena , Raphaël Troncy

How well can large language models (LLMs) generate summaries? We develop new datasets and conduct human evaluation experiments to evaluate the zero-shot generation capability of LLMs across five distinct summarization tasks. Our findings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Xiao Pu , Mingqi Gao , Xiaojun Wan

Unsupervised hallucination detection aims to identify hallucinated content generated by large language models (LLMs) without relying on labeled data. While unsupervised methods have gained popularity by eliminating labor-intensive human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Ponhvoan Srey , Xiaobao Wu , Anh Tuan Luu

Hallucination remains a central failure mode of large language models, but existing benchmarks operationalize it inconsistently across summarization, question answering, retrieval-augmented generation, and agentic interaction. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Emmy Liu , Varun Gangal , Michael Yu , Zhuofu Tao , Karan Singh , Sachin Kumar , Steven Y. Feng

In inference problems, we often have domain knowledge which allows us to define summary statistics that capture most of the information content in a dataset. In this paper, we present a hybrid approach, where such physics-based summaries…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-24 T. Lucas Makinen , Alan Heavens , Natalia Porqueres , Tom Charnock , Axel Lapel , Benjamin D. Wandelt

Hierarchical Merging is a technique commonly used to summarize very long texts ($>$100K tokens) by breaking down the input into smaller sections, summarizing those sections individually, and then merging or combining those summaries into a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Litu Ou , Mirella Lapata

Large language models (LLMs) offer transformative potential for clinical decision support in spine surgery but pose significant risks through hallucinations, which are factually inconsistent or contextually misaligned outputs that may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Dong Chen , Yanzhe Wei , Zonglin He , Guan-Ming Kuang , Canhua Ye , Meiru An , Huili Peng , Yong Hu , Huiren Tao , Kenneth MC Cheung

Medical Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated potential in healthcare applications, yet their propensity for hallucinations -- generating medically implausible or inaccurate information -- presents substantial risks to patient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Kaiwen Zuo , Yirui Jiang

Summaries of medical text shall be faithful by being consistent and factual with source inputs, which is an important but understudied topic for safety and efficiency in healthcare. In this paper, we investigate and improve faithfulness in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Nan Zhang , Yusen Zhang , Wu Guo , Prasenjit Mitra , Rui Zhang

Model hallucination is one of the most critical challenges faced by Large Language Models (LLMs), especially in high-stakes code intelligence tasks. As LLMs become increasingly integrated into software engineering tasks, understanding and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Cuiyun Gao , Guodong Fan , Chun Yong Chong , Shizhan Chen , Chao Liu , David Lo , Zibin Zheng , Qing Liao

Recent advances in summary evaluation are based on model-based metrics to assess quality dimensions, such as completeness, conciseness, and faithfulness. However, these methods often require large language models, and predicted scores are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hongye Liu , Dhanajit Brahma , Ricardo Henao

We propose a new reference-free summary quality evaluation measure, with emphasis on the faithfulness. The measure is designed to find and count all possible minute inconsistencies of the summary with respect to the source document. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Oleg Vasilyev , John Bohannon

Recent advancements in text summarization, particularly with the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), have shown remarkable performance. However, a notable challenge persists as a substantial number of automatically-generated summaries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Alessandro Scirè , Karim Ghonim , Roberto Navigli

Practical applications of abstractive summarization models are limited by frequent factual inconsistencies with respect to their input. Existing automatic evaluation metrics for summarization are largely insensitive to such errors. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Alex Wang , Kyunghyun Cho , Mike Lewis

Effective summarisation evaluation metrics enable researchers and practitioners to compare different summarisation systems efficiently. Estimating the effectiveness of an automatic evaluation metric, termed meta-evaluation, is a critically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xiang Dai , Sarvnaz Karimi , Biaoyan Fang

Despite making significant progress in multi-modal tasks, current Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) encounter the significant challenge of hallucinations, which may lead to harmful consequences. Therefore, evaluating MLLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Junyang Wang , Yuhang Wang , Guohai Xu , Jing Zhang , Yukai Gu , Haitao Jia , Jiaqi Wang , Haiyang Xu , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Jitao Sang

Reinforcement learning with evaluation metrics as rewards is widely used to enhance specific capabilities of language models. However, for tasks such as factually consistent summarisation, existing metrics remain underdeveloped, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

Summarization datasets are often assembled either by scraping naturally occurring public-domain summaries -- which are nearly always in difficult-to-work-with technical domains -- or by using approximate heuristics to extract them from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Alex Wang , Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Angelica Chen , Jason Phang , Samuel R. Bowman