English
Related papers

Related papers: Sample-optimal classical shadows for pure states

200 papers

Estimation of expectation values of incompatible observables is an essential practical task in quantum computing, especially for approximating energies of chemical and other many-body quantum systems. In this work we introduce a method for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-14 Daniel McNulty , Filip B. Maciejewski , Michał Oszmaniec

The classical shadows protocol, recently introduced by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16, 1050 (2020)], is a quantum-classical protocol to estimate properties of an unknown quantum state. Unlike full quantum state tomography, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-17 Dax Enshan Koh , Sabee Grewal

Classical shadow estimation (CSE) is a powerful tool for learning the properties of quantum states and quantum processes. Here we consider the CSE task for quantum unitary channels. By querying an unknown unitary channel $\mathcal{U}$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Zihao Li , Changhao Yi , You Zhou , Huangjun Zhu

We revisit the problem of Pauli shadow tomography: given copies of an unknown $n$-qubit quantum state $\rho$, estimate $\text{tr}(P\rho)$ for some set of Pauli operators $P$ to within additive error $\epsilon$. This has been a popular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-18 Sitan Chen , Weiyuan Gong , Qi Ye

In the problem of quantum state tomography, one is given $n$ copies of an unknown rank-$r$ mixed state $\rho \in \mathbb{C}^{d \times d}$ and asked to produce an estimator of $\rho$. In this work, we present the debiased Keyl's algorithm,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Angelos Pelecanos , Jack Spilecki , John Wright

Obtaining precise estimates of quantum observables is a crucial step of variational quantum algorithms. We consider the problem of estimating expectation values of molecular Hamiltonians, obtained on states prepared on a quantum computer.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-30 Charles Hadfield , Sergey Bravyi , Rudy Raymond , Antonio Mezzacapo

Shadow tomography is a scalable technique to characterise the quantum state of a quantum computer or quantum simulator. The protocol is based on the transformation of the outcomes of random measurements into the so-called classical shadows,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-27 Hai-Chau Nguyen

Classical shadows enable us to learn many properties of a quantum state $\rho$ with very few measurements. However, near-term and early fault-tolerant quantum computers will only be able to prepare noisy quantum states $\rho$ and it is thus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-16 Hamza Jnane , Jonathan Steinberg , Zhenyu Cai , H. Chau Nguyen , Bálint Koczor

State smoothing is a technique to estimate a state at a particular time, conditioned on information obtained both before (past) and after (future) that time. For a classical system, the smoothed state is a normalized product of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Kiarn T. Laverick , Prahlad Warszawski , Areeya Chantasri , Howard M. Wiseman

The problem of learning threshold functions is a fundamental one in machine learning. Classical learning theory implies sample complexity of $O(\xi^{-1} \log(1/\beta))$ (for generalization error $\xi$ with confidence $1-\beta$). The private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Edith Cohen , Xin Lyu , Jelani Nelson , Tamás Sarlós , Uri Stemmer

In quantum information theory, the accurate estimation of observables is pivotal for quantum information processing, playing a crucial role in compute and communication protocols. This work introduces a novel technique for estimating such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-17 Andrea Caprotti , Joshua Morris , Borivoje Dakić

We provide general sufficient conditions for the efficient classical simulation of quantum-optics experiments that involve inputting states to a quantum process and making measurements at the output. The first condition is based on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-23 Saleh Rahimi-Keshari , Timothy C. Ralph , Carlton M. Caves

Classical shadow tomography, harnessing randomized informationally complete (IC) measurements, provides an effective avenue for predicting many properties of unknown quantum states with sample-efficient precision. Projections onto $2^n+1$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Yu Wang , Wei Cui

Bell sampling is a simple yet powerful measurement primitive that has recently attracted a lot of attention, and has proven to be a valuable tool in studying stabiliser states. Unfortunately, however, it is known that Bell sampling fails…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-13 Jonathan Allcock , Joao F. Doriguello , Gábor Ivanyos , Miklos Santha

We study distributed inner product estimation for $n$-qubit states using local randomized measurements, for which rigorous worst-case guarantees are less understood. We first reduce the minimax kernel optimization to Hamming-distance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Zhenyuan Huang , Kun Wang , Ping Xu

Trace distance and infidelity (induced by square root fidelity), as basic measures of the closeness of quantum states, are commonly used in quantum state discrimination, certification, and tomography. However, the sample complexity for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-29 Qisheng Wang , Zhicheng Zhang

The ability of quantum computers to directly manipulate and analyze quantum states stored in quantum memory allows them to learn about aspects of our physical world that would otherwise be invisible given a modest number of measurements.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-10 Robbie King , Kianna Wan , Jarrod McClean

One of the central issues in the hidden subgroup problem is to bound the sample complexity, i.e., the number of identical samples of coset states sufficient and necessary to solve the problem. In this paper, we present general bounds for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-04-26 Masahito Hayashi , Akinori Kawachi , Hirotada Kobayashi

Shadow tomography protocols have recently emerged as powerful tools for efficient quantum state learning, aiming to reconstruct expectation values of observables with fewer resources than traditional quantum state tomography. For the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Viet T. Tran , Richard Kueng

We study the computational complexity of approximately computing the partition function of a spin system. Techniques based on standard counting-to-sampling reductions yield $\tilde{O}(n^2)$-time algorithms, where $n$ is the size of the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Xiaoyu Chen , Zongchen Chen , Kuikui Liu , Xinyuan Zhang