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Learning about the causal structure of the world is a fundamental problem for human cognition. Causal models and especially causal learning have proved to be difficult for large pretrained models using standard techniques of deep learning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Eunice Yiu , Kelsey Allen , Shiry Ginosar , Alison Gopnik

Reinforcement learning provides an automated framework for learning behaviors from high-level reward specifications, but in practice the choice of reward function can be crucial for good results -- while in principle the reward only needs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Abhishek Gupta , Aldo Pacchiano , Yuexiang Zhai , Sham M. Kakade , Sergey Levine

The Bellman equation and its continuous form, the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, are ubiquitous in reinforcement learning and control theory. However, these equations become intractable for high-dimensional or nonlinear systems. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Preston Rozwood , Edward Mehrez , Ludger Paehler , Wen Sun , Steven L. Brunton

We study the reward-free reinforcement learning framework, which is particularly suitable for batch reinforcement learning and scenarios where one needs policies for multiple reward functions. This framework has two phases. In the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Zihan Zhang , Simon S. Du , Xiangyang Ji

Lifelong learning is essential for intelligent agents operating in dynamic environments. Current large language model (LLM)-based agents, however, remain stateless and unable to accumulate or transfer knowledge over time. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Junhao Zheng , Xidi Cai , Qiuke Li , Duzhen Zhang , ZhongZhi Li , Yingying Zhang , Le Song , Qianli Ma

A default assumption in the design of reinforcement-learning algorithms is that a decision-making agent always explores to learn optimal behavior. In sufficiently complex environments that approach the vastness and scale of the real world,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Dilip Arumugam , Saurabh Kumar , Ramki Gummadi , Benjamin Van Roy

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in games has gained significant momentum in recent years, enabling the creation of different agent behaviors that can transform a player's gaming experience. However, deploying RL agents in production…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 António Afonso , Iolanda Leite , Alessandro Sestini , Florian Fuchs , Konrad Tollmar , Linus Gisslén

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance in language-centric tasks. However, in agentic settings, LLMs often struggle to anticipate action consequences and adapt to environment dynamics, highlighting the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xiao Yu , Baolin Peng , Ruize Xu , Yelong Shen , Pengcheng He , Suman Nath , Nikhil Singh , Jiangfeng Gao , Zhou Yu

Explaining the behavior of reinforcement learning agents operating in sequential decision-making settings is challenging, as their behavior is affected by a dynamic environment and delayed rewards. Methods that help users understand the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yael Septon , Tobias Huber , Elisabeth André , Ofra Amir

We present a novel method for learning hierarchical abstractions that prioritize competing objectives, leading to improved global expected rewards. Our approach employs a secondary rewarding agent with multiple scalar outputs, each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Tofara Moyo

Advancements in reinforcement learning have produced a variety of complex and useful intrinsic driving forces; crucially, these drivers operate under a direct conditioning paradigm. This form of conditioning limits our agents' capacity by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Rodney A Sanchez , Ferat Sahin , Alex Ororbia , Jamison Heard

We study a repeated Principal Agent problem between a long lived Principal and Agent pair in a prior free setting. In our setting, the sequence of realized states of nature may be adversarially chosen, the Agent is non-myopic, and the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Natalie Collina , Aaron Roth , Han Shao

Exploration is a crucial and distinctive aspect of reinforcement learning (RL) that remains a fundamental open problem. Several methods have been proposed to tackle this challenge. Commonly used methods inject random noise directly into the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Sebastian Griesbach , Carlo D'Eramo

Reinforcement Learning agents are expected to eventually perform well. Typically, this takes the form of a guarantee about the asymptotic behavior of an algorithm given some assumptions about the environment. We present an algorithm for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Michael K. Cohen , Elliot Catt , Marcus Hutter

Learning a policy capable of moving an agent between any two states in the environment is important for many robotics problems involving navigation and manipulation. Due to the sparsity of rewards in such tasks, applying reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Artem Molchanov , Karol Hausman , Stan Birchfield , Gaurav Sukhatme

One of the central challenges faced by a reinforcement learning (RL) agent is to effectively learn a (near-)optimal policy in environments with large state spaces having sparse and noisy feedback signals. In real-world applications, an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Rati Devidze , Volkan Cevher , Adish Singla

Empowerment has the potential to help agents learn large skillsets, but is not yet a scalable solution for training general-purpose agents. Recent empowerment methods learn diverse skillsets by maximizing the mutual information between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Andrew Levy , Alessandro Allievi , George Konidaris

Many real-world systems, such as transportation systems, ecological systems, and Internet systems, are complex systems. As an important tool for studying complex systems, computational experiments can map them into artificial society models…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Ming Zhang , Yiling Xuan , Qun Ma , Yuwei Guo

In reinforcement learning (RL), aligning agent behavior with specific objectives typically requires careful design of the reward function, which can be challenging when the desired objectives are complex. In this work, we propose an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yuting Tang , Yivan Zhang , Johannes Ackermann , Yu-Jie Zhang , Soichiro Nishimori , Masashi Sugiyama

As humans, our goals and our environment are persistently changing throughout our lifetime based on our experiences, actions, and internal and external drives. In contrast, typical reinforcement learning problem set-ups consider decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Annie Xie , James Harrison , Chelsea Finn