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Non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are beginning to benefit from large, public benchmarks. However, current benchmarks target relatively simple, foundational tasks like Speech Detection and Phoneme Classification, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Gereon Elvers , Gilad Landau , Oiwi Parker Jones

Keyword spotting systems for always-on TinyML-constrained applications require on-site tuning to boost the accuracy of offline trained classifiers when deployed in unseen inference conditions. Adapting to the speech peculiarities of target…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Cristian Cioflan , Lukas Cavigelli , Luca Benini

This paper addresses the persistent challenge in Keyword Spotting (KWS), a fundamental component in speech technology, regarding the acquisition of substantial labeled data for training. Given the difficulty in obtaining large quantities of…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Weinan Dai , Yifeng Jiang , Yuanjing Liu , Jinkun Chen , Xin Sun , Jinglei Tao

Keyword Spotting (KWS) is essential in edge computing requiring rapid and energy-efficient responses. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are well-suited for KWS for their efficiency and temporal capacity for speech. To further reduce the…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zeyang Song , Qianhui Liu , Qu Yang , Yizhou Peng , Haizhou Li

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in designing small-footprint yet effective Connectionist Temporal Classification based keyword spotting (CTC-KWS) systems. They are typically deployed on low-resource computing platforms,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-25 Yu Xi , Haoyu Li , Hao Li , Jiaqi Guo , Xu Li , Wen Ding , Kai Yu

Self-supervised speech representation learning (S3RL) is revolutionizing the way we leverage the ever-growing availability of data. While S3RL related studies typically use large models, we employ light-weight networks to comply with tight…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Chenyang Gao , Yue Gu , Francesco Caliva , Yuzong Liu

Numerous methods have been proposed to enhance Keyword Spotting (KWS) in adult speech, but children's speech presents unique challenges for KWS systems due to its distinct acoustic and linguistic characteristics. This paper introduces a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-01 Subham Kutum , Abhijit Sinha , Hemant Kumar Kathania , Sudarsana Reddy Kadiri , Mahesh Chandra Govil

Analog feature extraction is a power-efficient and re-emerging signal processing paradigm for implementing the front-end feature extractor in on device keyword-spotting systems. Despite its power efficiency and re-emergence, there is little…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-19 Subhajit Ray , Xinghua Sun , Nolan Tremelling , Maria Gordiyenko , Peter Kinget

Keyword spotting (KWS) and speaker verification (SV) have been studied independently although it is known that acoustic and speaker domains are complementary. In this paper, we propose a multi-task network that performs KWS and SV…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-10 Myunghun Jung , Youngmoon Jung , Jahyun Goo , Hoirin Kim

Keyword spotting (KWS) enables speech-based user interaction and gradually becomes an indispensable component of smart devices. Recently, end-to-end (E2E) methods have become the most popular approach for on-device KWS tasks. However, there…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-01 Jie Wang , Menglong Xu , Jingyong Hou , Binbin Zhang , Xiao-Lei Zhang , Lei Xie , Fuping Pan

Keyword spotting (KWS) refers to the task of identifying a set of predefined words in audio streams. With the advances seen recently with deep neural networks, it has become a popular technology to activate and control small devices, such…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-25 Heitor R. Guimarães , Arthur Pimentel , Anderson Avila , Tiago H. Falk

Customized keyword spotting (KWS) has great potential to be deployed on edge devices to achieve hands-free user experience. However, in real applications, false alarm (FA) would be a serious problem for spotting dozens or even hundreds of…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Zhanheng Yang , Sining Sun , Jin Li , Xiaoming Zhang , Xiong Wang , Long Ma , Lei Xie

In this paper, we present a novel approach to adapt a sequence-to-sequence Transformer-Transducer ASR system to the keyword spotting (KWS) task. We achieve this by replacing the keyword in the text transcription with a special token <kw>…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-15 Beltrán Labrador , Guanlong Zhao , Ignacio López Moreno , Angelo Scorza Scarpati , Liam Fowl , Quan Wang

Keyword spotting (KWS) plays a critical role in enabling speech-based user interactions on smart devices. Recent developments in the field of deep learning have led to wide adoption of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in KWS systems due…

Keyword spotting (KWS) is essential for voice-driven applications, demanding both accuracy and efficiency. Traditional ASR-based KWS methods, such as greedy and beam search, explore the entire search space without explicitly prioritizing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Yu Xi , Haoyu Li , Xiaoyu Gu , Yidi Jiang , Kai Yu

Building efficient architecture in neural speech processing is paramount to success in keyword spotting deployment. However, it is very challenging for lightweight models to achieve noise robustness with concise neural operations. In a…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Dianwen Ng , Yunqi Chen , Biao Tian , Qiang Fu , Eng Siong Chng

Mel-filterbanks are fixed, engineered audio features which emulate human perception and have been used through the history of audio understanding up to today. However, their undeniable qualities are counterbalanced by the fundamental…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Neil Zeghidour , Olivier Teboul , Félix de Chaumont Quitry , Marco Tagliasacchi

Keyword spotting (KWS) identifies words for voice assistants, but environmental noise frequently reduces accuracy. Standard adaptation fixes this issue and strictly requires original or labeled audio. Test time adaptation (TTA) solves this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Hanyu Ding , Yang Xiao , Jiaheng Dong , Ting Dang

In this paper, we propose a sequence-to-sequence model for keyword spotting (KWS). Compared with other end-to-end architectures for KWS, our model simplifies the pipelines of production-quality KWS system and satisfies the requirement of…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Haitong Zhang , Junbo Zhang , Yujun Wang

Self-supervised features are typically used in place of filter-bank features in speaker verification models. However, these models were originally designed to ingest filter-bank features as inputs, and thus, training them on top of…

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