Related papers: Origin of the Proton Mass

In attempting to match QCD with Nature, it is necessary to confront the many complexities of strong, nonlinear dynamics in relativistic quantum field theory, e.g. the loss of particle number conservation, the frame and scale dependence of…

In 2012 the discovery of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations set a milestone in particle physics by finding the missing piece of the Standard Model. Nonetheless some questions are still open: the origin of the mass of the…

The mass-generation mechanism is the most urgent problem of the modern particle physics. The discovery and study of the Higgs boson with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN are the highest priority steps to solve the problem. In this paper,…

One of the greatest challenges within the Standard Model is to discover the source of visible mass. Indeed, this is the focus of a "Millennium Problem", posed by the Clay Mathematics Institute. The answer is hidden within quantum…

The mass-generation mechanism is one of the most important problems in modern particle physics. The discovery and study of the Higgs boson would greatly contribute to the understanding and solving of this problem. One of the unknowns in the…

In the last decades, the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics has been extensively tested and confirmed, with the announced discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 being the last missing puzzle piece. Even though since then the search for…

I describe a possible scenario for the origin of proton mass in terms of Cheshire Cat, half-skyrmions, topology change and interplay between hidden chiral-scale symmetry and induced local symmetry. This differs from the standard…

The discovery of the Higgs boson is both a milestone achievement for the Standard Model and an exciting probe of new physics beyond the SM. One of the most important properties of the Higgs is its mass, a number that has proven to be highly…

More than 99% of the mass of the visible universe is made up of protons and neutrons. Both particles are much heavier than their quark and gluon constituents, and the Standard Model of particle physics should explain this difference. We…

The idea that a background of invisible material pervades the whole universe is as old as the history of natural philosophy. Modern particle physics and cosmology support that idea and identify in the cosmic vacuum the ultimate source of…

We treat the mass of a proton as the total static energy which can be separated into two parts that come from the contribution of quarks and gluons respectively. We adopt the essential of the bag model of hadron to discuss the structure of…

The color confinement can be decently explained by assuming the global $SU(3)$ color symmetry. A hadron is viewed as a bag of a finite size, whose energy is contributed by the color fields within the hadron. In the large momentum frame, the…

The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the universe. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass, and spin. These emerge from the complex dynamics of its fundamental constituents, quarks and…

In 1964, a new particle was proposed by several groups to answer the question of where the masses of elementary particles come from; this particle is usually referred to as the Higgs particle or the Higgs boson. In July 2012, this Higgs…

The trace of the stress tensor characterizes the transformation of a theory under rescaling. In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), this trace contains contributions from the bare masses of the quarks and also from a purely quantum effect, called…

The vast bulk of visible mass emerges from nonperturbative dynamics within quantum chromodynamics (QCD) -- the strong interaction sector of the Standard Model. The past decade has revealed the three pillars that support this emergent hadron…

After the Higgs boson discovery, it is established that the Higgs mechanism explains electroweak symmetry breaking and generates the masses of all particles in the Standard Model, with the possible exception of neutrino masses. The…

Our concept of mass has evolved considerably over the centuries, most notably from Newton to Einstein, and then even more vigorously with the establishment of the standard model and the subsequent discovery of the Higgs boson. Mass is now…

We describe the theoretical ideas, developed between the 1950s-1970s, which led to the prediction of the Higgs boson, the particle that was discovered in 2012. The forces of nature are based on symmetry principles. We explain the nature of…

The search for an intermediate mass Higgs boson at the LHC needs the quantitative understanding of the two-photon background. A calculation of two-photon production in hadronic collisions at full next-to-leading order is described. It…