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Quantum error correction is a crucial tool for mitigating hardware errors in quantum computers by encoding logical information into multiple physical qubits. However, no single error-correcting code allows for an intrinsically…

Spin qubits in silicon quantum dots are one of the most promising building blocks for large scale quantum computers thanks to their high qubit density and compatibility with the existing semiconductor technologies. High fidelity…

Quantum error correction (QEC) and fault-tolerant (FT) mechanisms are essential for reliable quantum computing. However, QEC considerably increases the computation size up to four orders of magnitude. Moreover, FT implementation has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-20 L. Lao , B. van Wee , I. Ashraf , J. van Someren , N. Khammassi , K. Bertels , C. G. Almudever

Quantum computers face significant challenges from quantum deviations or coherent noise, particularly during gate operations, which pose a complex threat to the efficacy of quantum error correction (QEC) protocols. In this study, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Yuanchen Zhao , Dong E. Liu

We study the performance of quantum error correction codes (QECCs) under the detection-induced coherent error due to the imperfectness of practical implementations of stabilizer measurements, after running a quantum circuit. Considering the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-25 Qinghong Yang , Dong E. Liu

This work compares the overhead of quantum error correction with concatenated and topological quantum error-correcting codes. To perform a numerical analysis, we use the Quantum Resource Estimator Toolbox (QuRE) that we recently developed.…

Quantum error correction is an important ingredient for scalable quantum computing. Stabilizer codes are one of the most promising and straightforward ways to correct quantum errors, are convenient for logical operations, and improve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Ilya. A. Simakov , Ilya. S. Besedin

A major challenge in practical quantum computation is the ineludible errors caused by the interaction of quantum systems with their environment. Fault-tolerant schemes, in which logical qubits are encoded by several physical qubits, enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-17 Kai Sun , Jin-Shi Xu , Xiao-Ye Xu , Yong-Jian Han , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

The usual scenario in fault tolerant quantum computation involves certain amount of qubits encoded in each code block, transversal operations between them and destructive measurements of ancillary code blocks. We introduce a new approach in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 H. Bombin , M. A. Martin-Delgado

Fault-tolerant (FT) computation by using quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing large-scale quantum algorithms. Devices are expected to have enough qubits to demonstrate aspects of fault tolerance in the near future.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Lingling Lao , Carmen G. Almudever

Fault-tolerant quantum computing in systems composed of both Majorana fermions and topologically unprotected quantum systems, e.g. superconducting circuits or quantum dots, is studied in this paper. Errors caused by topologically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-21 Ying Li

As quantum computing hardware steadily increases in qubit count and quality, one important question is how to allocate these resources to mitigate the effects of hardware noise. In a transitional era between noisy small-scale and fully…

We exhibit a simple, systematic procedure for detecting and correcting errors using any of the recently reported quantum error-correcting codes. The procedure is shown explicitly for a code in which one qubit is mapped into five. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 David P. DiVincenzo , Peter W. Shor

We demonstrate how to use lattice surgery to enact a universal set of fault-tolerant quantum operations with color codes. Along the way, we also improve existing surface-code lattice-surgery methods. Lattice-surgery methods use fewer qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-22 Andrew J. Landahl , Ciaran Ryan-Anderson

We present a fault-tolerant universal quantum computing architecture based on a code concatenation of biased-noise qubits and the parity architecture. The parity architecture can be understood as an LDPC code tailored specifically to obtain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Anette Messinger , Valentin Torggler , Berend Klaver , Michael Fellner , Wolfgang Lechner

The promise of quantum computers hinges on the ability to scale to large system sizes, e.g., to run quantum computations consisting of more than 100 million operations fault-tolerantly. This in turn requires suppressing errors to levels…

Qudits can be described by a state vector in a $q$-dimensional Hilbert space, enabling a more extensive encoding and manipulation of information compared to qubits. This implies that conducting fault-tolerant quantum computations using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-08 James Keppens , Quinten Eggerickx , Vukan Levajac , George Simion , Bart Sorée

Noise and errors are inevitable parts of any practical implementation of a quantum computer. As a result, large-scale quantum computation will require ways to detect and correct errors on quantum information. Here, we present such a quantum…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential step towards realising scalable quantum computers. Theoretically, it is possible to achieve arbitrarily long protection of quantum information from corruption due to decoherence or imperfect…

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is typically viewed as a suite of practical techniques for today's noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, with limited relevance once fault-tolerant quantum computers become available. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Zeyuan Zhou , Shaun Pexton , Aleksander Kubica , Yongshan Ding