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Continuous-variable (CV) photonic states are of increasing interest in quantum information science, bolstered by features such as deterministic resource state generation and error correction via bosonic codes. Data-efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-22 Joseph C. Chapman , Joseph M. Lukens , Bing Qi , Raphael C. Pooser , Nicholas A. Peters

Learning quantum state properties is both a fundamental and practical problem in quantum information theory. Classical shadows have emerged as an efficient method for estimating properties of unknown quantum states, with rigorous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Hugo Thomas , Ulysse Chabaud , Pierre-Emmanuel Emeriau

Shadow estimation provides an efficient framework for estimating observable expectation values using randomized measurements. While originally developed for discrete-variable systems, its recent extensions to continuous-variable (CV)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Ruyu Yang , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

Shadow tomography is a framework for constructing succinct descriptions of quantum states using randomized measurement bases, called classical shadows, with powerful methods to bound the estimators used. We recast existing experimental…

Classical shadow tomography (CST) involves obtaining enough classical descriptions of an unknown state via quantum measurements to predict the outcome of a set of quantum observables. CST has numerous applications, particularly in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-22 Zahra Honjani , Mohsen Heidari

Continuous-Variable (CV) devices are a promising platform for demonstrating large-scale quantum information protocols. In this framework, we define a general quantum computational model based on a CV hardware. It consists of vacuum input…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-06 Tom Douce , Damian Markham , Elham Kashefi , Peter van Loock , Giulia Ferrini

This paper reviews recent advances in quantum learning theory for continuous-variable (CV) systems. Quantum learning theory investigates how to extract classical information from quantum systems as efficiently as possible. CV systems are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Francesco Anna Mele

Quantum state tomography, aimed at deriving a classical description of an unknown state from measurement data, is a fundamental task in quantum physics. In this work, we analyse the ultimate achievable performance of tomography of…

Classical Shadow Tomography (Huang, Kueng and Preskill, Nature Physics 2020) is a method for creating a classical snapshot of an unknown quantum state, which can later be used to predict the value of an a-priori unknown observable on that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Zvika Brakerski , Nir Magrafta , Tomer Solomon

Full quantum tomography of high-dimensional quantum systems is experimentally infeasible due to the exponential scaling of the number of required measurements on the number of qubits in the system. However, several ideas were proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-20 G. I. Struchalin , Ya. A. Zagorovskii , E. V. Kovlakov , S. S. Straupe , S. P. Kulik

Efficiently learning expectation values of a quantum state using classical shadow tomography has become a fundamental task in quantum information theory. In a classical shadows protocol, one measures a state in a chosen basis W after it has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Maxwell West , Antonio Anna Mele , Martin Larocca , M. Cerezo

Continuous-variable (CV) qubits can be created on an optical longitudinal mode in which quantum information is encoded by the superposition of even and odd Schroedinger's cat states with quadrature amplitude. Based on the analogous features…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-08 Makoto Takeuchi , Takahiro Kuga

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum computing offers a promising framework for scalable quantum machine learning, leveraging optical systems with infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. While discrete-variable (DV) quantum neural networks have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Daniel Alejandro Lopez , Oscar Montiel , Oscar Castillo , Miguel Lopez-Montiel

Classical shadows provide a versatile framework for estimating many properties of quantum states from repeated, randomly chosen measurements without requiring full quantum state tomography. When prior information is available, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Jacob Bringewatt , Henry Froland , Andreas Elben , Niklas Mueller

We consider the tasks of learning quantum states, measurements and channels generated by continuous-variable (CV) quantum circuits. This family of circuits is suited to describe optical quantum technologies and in particular it includes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-14 Matteo Rosati

A crucial subroutine for various quantum computing and communication algorithms is to efficiently extract different classical properties of quantum states. In a notable recent theoretical work by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-19 Ting Zhang , Jinzhao Sun , Xiao-Xu Fang , Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan , He Lu

Efficiently learning expectation values of unknown quantum states via classical shadows has become an important primitive in both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum computation. Typically, classical shadow protocols involve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Rebecca Chang , Maureen Krumtünger , Martin Larocca , Maxwell West

We provide practical and powerful schemes for learning many properties of an unknown n-qubit quantum state using a sparing number of copies of the state. Specifically, we present a depth-modulated randomized measurement scheme that…

We present strictly efficient schemes for scalable measurement-based quantum computing using continuous-variable systems: These schemes are based on suitable non-Gaussian resource states, ones that can be prepared using interactions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-30 Matthias Ohliger , Jens Eisert

This review covers latest developments in continuous-variable quantum-state tomography of optical fields and photons, placing a special accent on its practical aspects and applications in quantum information technology. Optical homodyne…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 A. I. Lvovsky , M. G. Raymer
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