Related papers: Numbers Extensions
The subject logic in computer science should entail proof theoretic applications. So the question arises whether open problems in computational complexity can be solved by advanced proof theoretic techniques. In particular, consider the…
There has been an increasing interest in topological semantics for epistemic logic, which has been shown to be useful for, e.g., modelling evidence, degrees of belief, and self-reference. We introduce a polytopological PDL capable of…
Can the computational complexity theory of computer science and mathematics say something new about unresolved problems in quantum physics? Particularly, can the P versus NP question in the computational complexity theory be a factor in the…
The $\textbf{P}$ vs. $\textbf{NP}$ problem is an important problem in contemporary mathematics and theoretical computer science. Many proofs have been proposed to this problem. This paper proposes a theoretic proof for $\textbf{P}$ vs.…
The concept of ``countable set'' is attributed to Georg Cantor, who set the boundary between countable and uncountable sets in 1874. The concept of ``computable set'' arose in the study of computing models in the 1930s by the founders of…
Motivated by the problem of finding finite versions of classical incompleteness theorems, we present some conjectures that go beyond ${\bf NP\neq co NP}$. These conjectures formally connect computational complexity with the difficulty of…
Our aim is to solve a quite old question on the difference between expandability and compact expandability. Toward this, we further investigate the logic of countable cofinality.
In many situations humans have to reason with inconsistent knowledge. These inconsistencies may occur due to not fully reliable sources of information. In order to reason with inconsistent knowledge, it is not possible to view a set of…
This paper demonstrates the relativity of Computability and Nondeterministic; the nondeterministic is just Turing's undecidable Decision rather than the Nondeterministic Polynomial time. Based on analysis about TM, UM, DTM, NTM, Turing…
The purpose of this article is to examine and limit the conditions in which the P complexity class could be equivalent to the NP complexity class. Proof is provided by demonstrating that as the number of clauses in a NP-complete problem…
A new syntactic characterization of problems complete via Turing reductions is presented. General canonical forms are developed in order to define such problems. One of these forms allows us to define complete problems on ordered…
In this paper, we study proof systems in the sense of Cook-Reckhow for problems that are higher in the polynomial hierarchy than coNP, in particular, #SAT and maxSAT. We start by explaining how the notion of Cook-Reckhow proof systems can…
The compactness phenomenon is one of the featured aspects of structuralism in mathematics. In simple and broad words, a compactness property holds in a structure if a related property is satisfied by sufficiently many substructures of that…
Metacognitive knowledge refers to humans' intuitive knowledge of their own thinking and reasoning processes. Today's best LLMs clearly possess some reasoning processes. The paper gives evidence that they also have metacognitive knowledge,…
Although whether P equals NP is an important, open problem in computer science, and although Jaeger's 2008 paper, "Solving the P/NP Problem Under Intrinsic Uncertainty" (arXiv:0811.0463) presents an attempt at tackling the problem by…
We develop a complexity theory for approximate real computations. We first produce a theory for exact computations but with condition numbers. The input size depends on a condition number, which is not assumed known by the machine. The…
This article describes a Turing machine which can solve for $\beta^{'}$ which is RE-complete. RE-complete problems are proven to be undecidable by Turing's accepted proof on the Entscheidungsproblem. Thus, constructing a machine which…
Math word problems form a natural abstraction to a range of quantitative reasoning problems, such as understanding financial news, sports results, and casualties of war. Solving such problems requires the understanding of several…
In this work, we use large language models (LLMs) to augment and accelerate research on the P versus NP problem, one of the most important open problems in theoretical computer science and mathematics. Specifically, we propose Socratic…
In this paper we study the complexity of solving a problem when a solution of a similar instance is known. This problem is relevant whenever instances may change from time to time, and known solutions may not remain valid after the change.…