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Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) becomes particularly challenging when all choices are relevant to the question and are semantically similar. Yet this setting of MCQA can potentially provide valuable clues for choosing the right…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Wenqing Deng , Zhe Wang , Kewen Wang , Shirui Pan , Xiaowang Zhang , Zhiyong Feng

Automated question generation is an important approach to enable personalisation of English comprehension assessment. Recently, transformer-based pretrained language models have demonstrated the ability to produce appropriate questions from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Vatsal Raina , Mark Gales

As the quantity of human knowledge increasing rapidly, it is harder and harder to evaluate a knowledge worker's knowledge quantitatively. There are lots of demands for evaluating a knowledge worker's knowledge. For example, accurately…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Gangli Liu

We introduce a large dataset of narrative texts and questions about these texts, intended to be used in a machine comprehension task that requires reasoning using commonsense knowledge. Our dataset complements similar datasets in that we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Simon Ostermann , Ashutosh Modi , Michael Roth , Stefan Thater , Manfred Pinkal

Current evaluation metrics to question answering based machine reading comprehension (MRC) systems generally focus on the lexical overlap between the candidate and reference answers, such as ROUGE and BLEU. However, bias may appear when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-12 An Yang , Kai Liu , Jing Liu , Yajuan Lyu , Sujian Li

This paper proposes an incremental method that can be used by an intelligent system to learn better descriptions of a thematic context. The method starts with a small number of terms selected from a simple description of the topic under…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2010-04-28 Carlos M. Lorenzetti , Ana G. Maguitman

Closed-book question answering (QA) requires a model to directly answer an open-domain question without access to any external knowledge. Prior work on closed-book QA either directly finetunes or prompts a pretrained language model (LM) to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Dan Su , Mostofa Patwary , Shrimai Prabhumoye , Peng Xu , Ryan Prenger , Mohammad Shoeybi , Pascale Fung , Anima Anandkumar , Bryan Catanzaro

As real-world knowledge evolves, the information embedded within large language models (LLMs) can become outdated, inadequate, or erroneous. Model editing has emerged as a prominent approach for updating LLMs' knowledge with minimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Guoxiu He , Xin Song , Aixin Sun

Guesstimation -- the task of making approximate quantitative estimates about objects or events -- is a common real-world skill, yet remains underexplored in large language model (LLM) research. We introduce three guesstimation datasets:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-27 Yun-Shiuan Chuang , Sameer Narendran , Nikunj Harlalka , Alexander Cheung , Sizhe Gao , Siddharth Suresh , Junjie Hu , Timothy T. Rogers

Multiple-choice questions (MCQ) are frequently used to assess large language models (LLMs). Typically, an LLM is given a question and selects the answer deemed most probable after adjustments for factors like length. Unfortunately, LLMs may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Aidar Myrzakhan , Sondos Mahmoud Bsharat , Zhiqiang Shen

With state-of-the-art models achieving high performance on standard benchmarks, contemporary research paradigms continue to emphasize general intelligence as an enduring objective. However, this pursuit overlooks the fundamental disparities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Nick DiSanto

The handling of probabilities in the form of uncertainty or partial information is an essential task for LLMs in many settings and applications. A common approach to evaluate an LLM's probabilistic reasoning capabilities is to assess its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Manuel Mondal , Ljiljana Dolamic , Gérôme Bovet , Philippe Cudré-Mauroux , Julien Audiffren

Numerical reasoning, such as addition, subtraction, sorting and counting is a critical skill in human's reading comprehension, which has not been well considered in existing machine reading comprehension (MRC) systems. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Qiu Ran , Yankai Lin , Peng Li , Jie Zhou , Zhiyuan Liu

The open-ended question answering task of Text-VQA often requires reading and reasoning about rarely seen or completely unseen scene-text content of an image. We address this zero-shot nature of the problem by proposing the generalized use…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Arka Ujjal Dey , Ernest Valveny , Gaurav Harit

Successful completion of reasoning task requires the agent to have relevant prior knowledge or some given context of the world dynamics. Usually, the information provided to the system for a reasoning task is just the query or some…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Vatsal Mahajan

The same real-life questions posed to different individuals may lead to different answers based on their unique situations. For instance, whether a student is eligible for a scholarship depends on eligibility conditions, such as major or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Peter Baile Chen , Yi Zhang , Chunwei Liu , Sejal Gupta , Yoon Kim , Michael Cafarella

Open-ended Commonsense Reasoning is defined as solving a commonsense question without providing 1) a short list of answer candidates and 2) a pre-defined answer scope. Conventional ways of formulating the commonsense question into a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Chen Ling , Xuchao Zhang , Xujiang Zhao , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Mika Oishi , Takao Osaki , Katsushi Matsuda , Haifeng Chen , Liang Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) now give reasoning before answering, excelling in tasks like multiple-choice question answering (MCQA). Yet, a concern is that LLMs do not solve MCQs as intended, as work finds LLMs sans reasoning succeed in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nishant Balepur , Atrey Desai , Rachel Rudinger

Context-aware recommendation systems improve upon classical recommender systems by including, in the modelling, a user's behaviour. Research into context-aware recommendation systems has previously only considered the sequential ordering of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Mufhumudzi Muthivhi , Terence L. van Zyl , Hairong Wang

The outcomes of elections, product sales, and the structure of social connections are all determined by the choices individuals make when presented with a set of options, so understanding the factors that contribute to choice is crucial. Of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Kiran Tomlinson , Austin R. Benson