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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities but typically require extensive computational resources and memory for inference. Post-training quantization (PTQ) can effectively reduce these demands by storing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xi Zhang , Xiaolin Wu , Jiamang Wang , Weisi Lin

Quantization is a proven effective method for compressing large language models. Although popular techniques like W8A8 and W4A16 effectively maintain model performance, they often fail to concurrently speed up the prefill and decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Ying Zhang , Peng Zhang , Mincong Huang , Jingyang Xiang , Yujie Wang , Chao Wang , Yineng Zhang , Lei Yu , Chuan Liu , Wei Lin

In many important applications -- such as search engines and relational database systems -- data is stored in the form of arrays of integers. Encoding and, most importantly, decoding of these arrays consumes considerable CPU time.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Daniel Lemire , Leonid Boytsov

Traditional neural networks require enormous amounts of data to build their complex mappings during a slow training procedure that hinders their abilities for relearning and adapting to new data. Memory-augmented neural networks enhance…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Geethan Karunaratne , Manuel Schmuck , Manuel Le Gallo , Giovanni Cherubini , Luca Benini , Abu Sebastian , Abbas Rahimi

Deep neural network (DNN) deployment has been confined to larger hardware devices due to their expensive computational requirements. This challenge has recently reached another scale with the emergence of large language models (LLMs). In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Edouard Yvinec , Arnaud Dapogny , Kevin Bailly

Large language models (LLMs) are computationally intensive. The computation workload and the memory footprint grow quadratically with the dimension (layer width). Most of LLMs' parameters come from the linear layers of the transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Xiao-Yang Liu , Jie Zhang , Guoxuan Wang , Weiqing Tong , Anwar Walid

Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) enable efficient deep learning by saving on storage and computational costs. However, as the size of neural networks continues to grow, meeting computational requirements remains a challenge. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Matt Gorbett , Hossein Shirazi , Indrakshi Ray

The global scarcity of GPUs necessitates more sophisticated strategies for Deep Learning jobs in shared cluster environments. Accurate estimation of how much GPU memory a job will require is fundamental to enabling advanced scheduling and…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jiabo Shi , Dimitrios Pezaros , Yehia Elkhatib

Neural network deployment on low-cost embedded systems, hence on microcontrollers (MCUs), has recently been attracting more attention than ever. Since MCUs have limited memory capacity as well as limited compute-speed, it is critical that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Eren Dogan , H. Fatih Ugurdag , Hasan Unlu

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically rely on a large number of parameters for token embedding, leading to substantial storage requirements and memory footprints. In particular, LLMs deployed on edge devices are memory-bound, and reducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Dayin Gou , Sanghyun Byun , Nilesh Malpeddi , Gabrielle De Micheli , Prathamesh Vaste , Jacob Song , Woo Seong Chung

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) leverage massive parallelism and large memory bandwidth to support high-performance computing applications, such as multimedia rendering, crypto-mining, deep learning, and natural language processing. These…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Nurlan Nazaraliyev , Elaheh Sadredini , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh

In spite of the great potential of large language models (LLMs) across various tasks, their deployment on resource-constrained devices remains challenging due to their excessive computational and memory demands. Quantization has emerged as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Hao Mark Chen , Fuwen Tan , Alexandros Kouris , Royson Lee , Hongxiang Fan , Stylianos I. Venieris

Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiplication (SpMV) is a critical operation for the iterative solver of Finite Element Methods on computer simulation. Since the SpMV operation is a memory-bound algorithm, the efficiency of data movements heavily…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Chong Chen

In-memory database query processing frequently involves substantial data transfers between the CPU and memory, leading to inefficiencies due to Von Neumann bottleneck. Processing-in-Memory (PIM) architectures offer a viable solution to…

RISC-V CPUs leverage the RVV (RISC-V Vector) extension to accelerate data-parallel workloads. In addition to arithmetic operations, RVV includes powerful permutation instructions that enable flexible element rearrangement within vector…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Vasileios Titopoulos , George Alexakis , Chrysostomos Nicopoulos , Giorgos Dimitrakopoulos

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on end-user devices is gaining importance due to benefits in responsiveness, privacy, and operational cost. Yet the limited memory and compute capability of mobile and desktop GPUs make efficient…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Rongxiang Wang , Kangyuan Shu , Felix Xiaozhu Lin

A method is presented for accelerating inference in transformer language models by exploiting the low effective rank of the token activation manifold at each layer. The method decomposes each activation vector into a subspace component and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Stephen J. Thomas

Vectorization and GPUs will profoundly change graph processing. Traditional graph algorithms tuned for 32- or 64-bit based memory accesses will be inefficient on architectures with 512-bit wide (or larger) instruction units that are already…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Maciej Besta , Florian Marending , Edgar Solomonik , Torsten Hoefler

Large Language Models (LLMs) use key-value (KV) cache to reduce redundant computation in autoregressive generation. However, the KV cache size increases linearly during generation, leading to excessive memory usage, especially for long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jian Yuan , Ziwei He , Haoli Bai , Jingwen Leng , Bo Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being deployed on edge devices for long-context settings, creating a growing need for fast and efficient long-context inference. In these scenarios, the Key-Value (KV) cache is the primary…