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We analyze the frequency spectrum of Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) using Minkowski sums, which yields a compact algebraic description and permits explicit computation. Using this description, we prove several maximality results for broad…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Patrick Holzer , Ivica Turkalj

Gradient clipping is a standard safeguard for training neural networks under noisy, heavy-tailed stochastic gradients; yet, most clipping rules treat all parameters as vectors and ignore the matrix structure of modern architectures. We show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Alexander Yukhimchuk , Mladen Kolar , Martin Takáč , Sayantan Choudhury

In this work, we investigate a particular implicit bias in gradient descent training, which we term "Feature Averaging," and argue that it is one of the principal factors contributing to the non-robustness of deep neural networks. We show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Binghui Li , Zhixuan Pan , Kaifeng Lyu , Jian Li

The results of training a neural network are heavily dependent on the architecture chosen; and even a modification of only its size, however small, typically involves restarting the training process. In contrast to this, we begin training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Rupert Mitchell , Robin Menzenbach , Kristian Kersting , Martin Mundt

Despite their ability to represent highly expressive functions, deep learning models seem to find simple solutions that generalize surprisingly well. Spectral bias -- the tendency of neural networks to prioritize learning low frequency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Sara Fridovich-Keil , Raphael Gontijo-Lopes , Rebecca Roelofs

This paper studies an intriguing phenomenon related to the good generalization performance of estimators obtained by using large learning rates within gradient descent algorithms. First observed in the deep learning literature, we show that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-06 Gaspard Beugnot , Julien Mairal , Alessandro Rudi

In this paper we investigate a neural network model in which weights between computational nodes are modified according to a local learning rule. To determine whether local learning rules are sufficient for learning, we encode the network…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Jonathan Baxter

According to a popular viewpoint, neural networks learn from data by first identifying low-dimensional representations, and subsequently fitting the best model in this space. Recent works provide a formalization of this phenomenon when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Andrea Montanari , Zihao Wang

We investigate the stationary (late-time) training regime of single- and two-layer underparameterized linear neural networks within the continuum limit of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for synthetic Gaussian data. In the case of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Markus Gross , Arne P. Raulf , Christoph Räth

Machine learning methods are commonly used to solve inverse problems, wherein an unknown signal must be estimated from few indirect measurements generated via a known acquisition procedure. In particular, neural networks perform well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Hannah Laus , Suzanna Parkinson , Vasileios Charisopoulos , Felix Krahmer , Rebecca Willett

On a variety of tasks, the performance of neural networks predictably improves with training time, dataset size and model size across many orders of magnitude. This phenomenon is known as a neural scaling law. Of fundamental importance is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Blake Bordelon , Alexander Atanasov , Cengiz Pehlevan

Many supervised learning problems involve high-dimensional data such as images, text, or graphs. In order to make efficient use of data, it is often useful to leverage certain geometric priors in the problem at hand, such as invariance to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-08 Alberto Bietti , Luca Venturi , Joan Bruna

The universal approximation property is fundamental to the success of neural networks, and has traditionally been achieved by training networks without any constraints on their parameters. However, recent experimental research proposed a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Yongqiang Cai , Gaohang Chen , Zhonghua Qiao

Assumptions about invariances or symmetries in data can significantly increase the predictive power of statistical models. Many commonly used models in machine learning are constraint to respect certain symmetries in the data, such as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-03 Tycho F. A. van der Ouderaa , Mark van der Wilk

Stochastic gradients closely relate to both optimization and generalization of deep neural networks (DNNs). Some works attempted to explain the success of stochastic optimization for deep learning by the arguably heavy-tail properties of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Zeke Xie , Qian-Yuan Tang , Mingming Sun , Ping Li

We show that deep neural networks trained across diverse tasks exhibit remarkably similar low-dimensional parametric subspaces. We provide the first large-scale empirical evidence that demonstrates that neural networks systematically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Prakhar Kaushik , Shravan Chaudhari , Ankit Vaidya , Rama Chellappa , Alan Yuille

We present a simple linear regression based approach for learning the weights and biases of a neural network, as an alternative to standard gradient based backpropagation. The present work is exploratory in nature, and we restrict the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Harshad Khadilkar

We prove the precise scaling, at finite depth and width, for the mean and variance of the neural tangent kernel (NTK) in a randomly initialized ReLU network. The standard deviation is exponential in the ratio of network depth to width.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Boris Hanin , Mihai Nica

A recent line of work has established intriguing connections between the generalization/compression properties of a deep neural network (DNN) model and the so-called layer weights' stable ranks. Intuitively, the latter are indicators of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Bogdan Georgiev , Lukas Franken , Mayukh Mukherjee , Georgios Arvanitidis

Linear networks provide valuable insights into the workings of neural networks in general. This paper identifies conditions under which the gradient flow provably trains a linear network, in spite of the non-strict saddle points present in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-30 Armin Eftekhari