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In each round of a Swiss-system tournament, players of similar score are paired against each other. An intentional early loss therefore might lead to weaker opponents in later rounds and thus to a better final tournament result - a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Ágnes Cseh , Pascal Führlich , Pascal Lenzner

We model a competitive market where AI agents buy answers from upstream generative models and resell them to users who differ in how much they value accuracy and in how much they fear hallucinations. Agents can privately exert effort for…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-04-14 Engin Iyidogan , Ali I. Ozkes

Boxing has a long-standing problem with biased judging, impacting both professional and Olympic bouts. "Robberies", where boxers are widely seen as being denied rightful victories, threaten to drive fans and athletes away from the sport. To…

General Economics · Economics 2024-06-28 Stuart Baumann , Carl Singleton

In online betting, the bookmaker can update the payoffs it offers on a particular event many times before the event takes place, and the updated payoffs may depend on the bets accumulated thus far. We study the problem of bookmaking with…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Alankrita Bhatt , Or Ordentlich , Oron Sabag

There seems to be an upper limit to predicting the outcome of matches in (semi-)professional sports. Recent work has proposed that this is due to chance and attempts have been made to simulate the distribution of win percentages to identify…

Applications · Statistics 2015-08-21 Albrecht Zimmermann

How do incentive levels affect strategic behaviour? We address this with an experiment that separately identifies own- and opponent-incentive effects in two dominance-solvable games that differ in strategic complexity. Higher own incentives…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-03-30 Teresa Esteban-Casanelles , Duarte Gonçalves

We investigate the problem of gambling with uncertainty in outcome probabilities. Stochastic optimization models are proposed for optimal investing on events with mutually exclusive outcomes when probabilities are estimated using…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-08-03 Michael R. Metel

We analyse a mathematical model of seeding for sports contests with round-robin qualifying tournaments. The standard seeding system based on coefficients measuring the historical performance of the teams is shown to be unfair as it might…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-07-14 László Csató

When opposing parties compete for a prize, the sunk effort players exert during the conflict can affect the value of the winner's reward. These spillovers can have substantial influence on the equilibrium behavior of participants in…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-02-07 Maria Betto , Matthew W. Thomas

We consider the dynamics, existence and stability of the equilibrium states for large populations of individuals who can play various types of non--cooperative games. The players imitate the most attractive strategies, and the choice is…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2012-04-02 Tadeusz Platkowski , Jan Zakrzewski

We present a replication and correction of a recent article (Ramirez, P., Reade, J.J., Singleton, C., Betting on a buzz: Mispricing and inefficiency in online sportsbooks, International Journal of Forecasting, 39:3, 2023, pp. 1413-1423,…

Applications · Statistics 2025-03-12 Lawrence Clegg , John Cartlidge

One index satisfies the duality axiom if one agent, who is uniformly more risk-averse than another, accepts a gamble, the latter accepts any less risky gamble under the index. Aumann and Serrano (2008) show that only one index defined for…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-01-07 Zuo Quan Xu

Online gambling sites offer many different gambling games. In this work we analyse the gambling logs of numerous solely probability-based gambling games and extract the wager and odds distributions. We find that the log-normal distribution…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-10-14 Xiangwen Wang , Michel Pleimling

We study a strategic experimentation game with exponential bandits, in which experiment outcomes are private. The equilibrium amount of experimentation is always higher than in the benchmark case where experiment outcomes are publicly…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jérôme Renault , Eilon Solan , Nicolas Vieille

We revisit games in partition function form, i.e. cooperative games where the payoff of a coalition depends on the partition of the entire set of players. We assume that each coalition computes its worth having probabilistic beliefs over…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Paraskevas V. Lekeas , Giorgos Stamatopoulos

Humans are routinely asked to evaluate the performance of other individuals, separating success from failure and affecting outcomes from science to education and sports. Yet, in many contexts, the metrics driving the human evaluation…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-12-07 Luca Pappalardo , Paolo Cintia , Dino Pedreschi , Fosca Giannotti , Albert-Laszlo Barabasi

In many sports, it is commonly believed that the home team has an advantage over the visiting team, known as the home field advantage. Yet its causal effect on team performance is largely unknown. In this paper, we propose a novel causal…

Applications · Statistics 2025-08-18 Chen Wang , Katherine Price , Hengrui Cai , Weining Shen , Zhanrui Cai , Guanyu Hu

We present a new tool for the study of multiplayer stochastic games, namely the modified game, which is a normal-form game that depends on the discount factor, the initial state, and for every player a partition of the set of states and a…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-03-14 Eilon Solan

Predicting the outcome of sports events is a hard task. We quantify this difficulty with a coefficient that measures the distance between the observed final results of sports leagues and idealized perfectly balanced competitions in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-27 Raquel YS Aoki , Renato M Assuncao , Pedro OS Vaz de Melo

We examine a two-person game we call Will-Testing in which the strategy space for both players is a real number. It has no equilibrium. When an infinitely large set of players plays this in all possible pairings, there is an equilibrium for…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-06-28 Leonid Gurvits , J. Stephen Judd