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Quantum variational algorithms have garnered significant interest recently, due to their feasibility of being implemented and tested on noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices. We examine the robustness of the quantum approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-05 Yulong Dong , Xiang Meng , Lin Lin , Robert Kosut , K. Birgitta Whaley

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known NP-Hard combinatorial optimisation problem, with industrial use cases such as last-mile delivery. Although TSP has been studied extensively on quantum computers, it is rare to find…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Daniel Goldsmith , Xing Liang , Dimitrios Makris , Hongwei Wu

We propose a hierarchical quantum approximate optimization framework for solving large-scale Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) using Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). The method decomposes a VRP instance into balanced clusters…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Shreetam Dash , Shreya Banerjee , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

The ability of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) to deliver a quantum advantage on combinatorial optimization problems is still unclear. Recently, a scaling advantage over a classical solver was postulated to exist for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-02 Thorge Müller , Ajainderpal Singh , Frank K. Wilhelm , Tim Bode

We present new advances towards achieving exponential quantum speedups for solving optimization problems by low-depth quantum algorithms. Specifically, we focus on families of combinatorial optimization problems that exhibit symmetry and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 Ashley Montanaro , Leo Zhou

Quantum Approximate Optimization algorithm (QAOA) aims to search for approximate solutions to discrete optimization problems with near-term quantum computers. As there are no algorithmic guarantee possible for QAOA to outperform classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-25 Bingzhi Zhang , Akira Sone , Quntao Zhuang

Many classical optimization problems can be mapped to finding the ground states of diagonal Ising Hamiltonians, for which variational quantum algorithms such as the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) provide heuristic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Yanzhu Chen , Linghua Zhu , Chenxu Liu , Nicholas J. Mayhall , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) represents a significant opportunity for practical quantum computing applications, particularly in the era before error correction is fully realized. This algorithm is especially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-08 Yiwen Liu , Qingyue Jiao , Yidong Zhou , Zhiding Liang , Yiyu Shi , Ke Wan , Shangjie Guo

We present a framework for efficiently solving Approximate Traveling Salesman Problem (Approximate TSP) for Quantum Computing Models. Existing representations of TSP introduce extra states which do not correspond to any permutation. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Debabrata Goswami , Harish Karnick , Prateek Jain , Hemanta K. Maji

Quantum optimization allows for up to exponential quantum speedups for specific, possibly industrially relevant problems. As the key algorithm in this field, we motivate and discuss the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Jonas Stein , Maximilian Zorn , Leo Sünkel , Thomas Gabor

Constrained optimization problems, where not all possible variable assignments are feasible solutions, comprise numerous practically relevant optimization problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), or portfolio optimization.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-24 René Zander , Raphael Seidel , Matteo Inajetovic , Niklas Steinmann , Matic Petrič

We propose and study Th-QAOA (pronounced Threshold QAOA), a variation of the Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) that replaces the standard phase separator operator, which encodes the objective function, with a threshold function…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-06 John Golden , Andreas Bärtschi , Daniel O'Malley , Stephan Eidenbenz

The encoding of classical to quantum data mapping through trigonometric functions within arithmetic-based quantum computation algorithms leads to the exploitation of multivariate distributions. The studied variational quantum gate learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-12 Ziqing Guo , Jan Balewski , Wenshuo Hu , Alex Khan , Ziwen Pan

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to solve binary-variable optimization problems. Due to the short circuit depth and its expected robustness to systematic errors, it is one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-23 Jason Larkin , Matías Jonsson , Daniel Justice , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

Optimization problems are critical across various domains, yet existing quantum algorithms, despite their great potential, struggle with scalability and accuracy due to excessive reliance on entanglement. To address these limitations, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-04 Seongmin Kim , In-Saeng Suh

Solving combinatorial optimization problems on near-term quantum devices has gained a lot of attraction in recent years. Currently, most works have focused on single-objective problems, whereas many real-world applications need to consider…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-06 Linus Ekstrom , Hao Wang , Sebastian Schmitt

We propose a technique for optimizing parameterized circuits in variational quantum algorithms based on the probabilistic tensor sampling optimization. This method allows one to relax random initialization issues or heuristics for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-01 G. V. Paradezhenko , A. A. Pervishko , D. Yudin

Constrained combinatorial optimization problems are challenging for quantum computing, particularly at utility-relevant scales and on near-term hardware. At the same time, these problems are of practical significance in industry; for…

The unit commitment (UC) problem stands as a critical optimization challenge in the electrical power industry. It is classified as NP-hard, placing it among the most intractable problems to solve. This paper introduces a novel hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-17 Bruna Salgado , André Sequeira , Luis Paulo Santos

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is expected to offer advantages over classical approaches when solving combinatorial optimization problems in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. In its standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Arkadiusz Wołk , Karol Capała , Katarzyna Rycerz
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