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Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is a vital component of dialogue systems, and its ability to detect Out-of-Domain (OOD) inputs is critical in practical applications, since the acceptance of the OOD input that is unsupported by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Yinhe Zheng , Guanyi Chen , Minlie Huang

Detecting out-of-domain (OOD) intents from user queries is essential for a task-oriented dialogue system. Previous OOD detection studies generally work on the assumption that plenty of labeled IND intents exist. In this paper, we focus on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Pei Wang , Keqing He , Yutao Mou , Xiaoshuai Song , Yanan Wu , Jingang Wang , Yunsen Xian , Xunliang Cai , Weiran Xu

Intent Detection is one of the tasks of the Natural Language Understanding (NLU) unit in task-oriented dialogue systems. Out of Scope (OOS) and Out of Domain (OOD) inputs may run these systems into a problem. On the other side, a labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Masoud Akbari , Ali Mohades , M. Hassan Shirali-Shahreza

In many real-world settings, machine learning models need to identify user inputs that are out-of-domain (OOD) so as to avoid performing wrong actions. This work focuses on a challenging case of OOD detection, where no labels for in-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Di Jin , Shuyang Gao , Seokhwan Kim , Yang Liu , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection lies at the heart of robust artificial intelligence (AI), aiming to identify samples from novel distributions beyond the training set. Recent approaches have exploited feature representations as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Tarhib Al Azad , Faizul Rakib Sayem , Shahana Ibrahim

Detecting Out-of-Domain (OOD) or unknown intents from user queries is essential in a task-oriented dialog system. Traditional softmax-based confidence scores are susceptible to the overconfidence issue. In this paper, we propose a simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Yanan Wu , Zhiyuan Zeng , Keqing He , Yutao Mou , Pei Wang , Yuanmeng Yan , Weiran Xu

Intent classification is a major task in spoken language understanding (SLU). Since most models are built with pre-collected in-domain (IND) training utterances, their ability to detect unsupported out-of-domain (OOD) utterances has a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Yilin Shen , Yen-Chang Hsu , Avik Ray , Hongxia Jin

Semantically coherent out-of-distribution detection (SCOOD) is a recently proposed realistic OOD detection setting: given labeled in-distribution (ID) data and mixed in-distribution and out-of-distribution unlabeled data as the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zhimao Peng , Enguang Wang , Xialei Liu , Ming-Ming Cheng

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which aims to distinguish unknown classes from known classes, has received increasing attention recently. A main challenge within is the unavailable of samples from the unknown classes in the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Mingle Xu , Jaehwan Lee , Sook Yoon , Dong Sun Park

This paper proposes a method for OOD detection. Questioning the premise of previous studies that ID and OOD samples are separated distinctly, we consider samples lying in the intermediate of the two and use them for training a network. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Engkarat Techapanurak , Anh-Chuong Dang , Takayuki Okatani

Open intent classification is a practical yet challenging task in dialogue systems. Its objective is to accurately classify samples of known intents while at the same time detecting those of open (unknown) intents. Existing methods usually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Zifeng Cheng , Zhiwei Jiang , Yafeng Yin , Cong Wang , Qing Gu

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential in real-world applications, which has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, most existing OOD detection methods require many labeled In-Distribution (ID) data, causing a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yi-Xuan Sun , Wei Wang

Soft labeling becomes a common output regularization for generalization and model compression of deep neural networks. However, the effect of soft labeling on out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which is an important topic of machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Doyup Lee , Yeongjae Cheon

Detecting Out-of-Domain (OOD) or unknown intents from user queries is essential in a task-oriented dialog system. A key challenge of OOD detection is to learn discriminative semantic features. Traditional cross-entropy loss only focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Zhiyuan Zeng , Keqing He , Yuanmeng Yan , Zijun Liu , Yanan Wu , Hong Xu , Huixing Jiang , Weiran Xu

Deep Learning-based Unsupervised Salient Object Detection (USOD) mainly relies on the noisy saliency pseudo labels that have been generated from traditional handcraft methods or pre-trained networks. To cope with the noisy labels problem, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Huajun Zhou , Bo Qiao , Lingxiao Yang , Jianhuang Lai , Xiaohua Xie

This paper presents a Soft Labeling and Noisy Mixup-based open intent classification model (SNOiC). Most of the previous works have used threshold-based methods to identify open intents, which are prone to overfitting and may produce biased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Aditi Kanwar , Aditi Seetha , Satyendra Singh Chouhan , Rajdeep Niyogi

How can models effectively detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in complex, multi-label settings without extensive retraining? Existing OOD detection methods struggle to capture the intricate semantic relationships and label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhendong Liu , Yi Nian , Yuehan Qin , Henry Peng Zou , Li Li , Xiyang Hu , Yue Zhao

Recent developments for Semi-Supervised Object Detection (SSOD) have shown the promise of leveraging unlabeled data to improve an object detector. However, thus far these methods have assumed that the unlabeled data does not contain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Yen-Cheng Liu , Chih-Yao Ma , Xiaoliang Dai , Junjiao Tian , Peter Vajda , Zijian He , Zsolt Kira

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP exhibit strong Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection capabilities by aligning visual and textual representations. Recent CLIP-based test-time adaptation methods further improve detection performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jinlun Ye , Jiang Liao , Runhe Lai , Xinhua Lu , Jiaxin Zhuang , Zhiyong Gan , Ruixuan Wang

Out-of-domain (OOD) input detection is vital in a task-oriented dialogue system since the acceptance of unsupported inputs could lead to an incorrect response of the system. This paper proposes OutFlip, a method to generate out-of-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-13 DongHyun Choi , Myeong Cheol Shin , EungGyun Kim , Dong Ryeol Shin
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