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Introduced in 2017 \cite{B1-pinnau2017consensus}, Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) has rapidly emerged as a significant breakthrough in global optimization. This straightforward yet powerful multi-particle, zero-order optimization method…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-05-29 Massimo Fornasier , Lukang Sun

In this paper, we study a consensus-based optimization method for nonconvex bi-level optimization, where the objective is to minimize an upper-level function over the set of global minimizers of a lower-level problem. The proposed approach…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Yutong Chao , Xudong Sun , Konstantin Riedl , Majid Khadiv , Jalal Etesami

In this paper we propose a variant of a consensus-based global optimization (CBO) method that uses personal best information in order to compute the global minimum of a non-convex, locally Lipschitz continuous function. The proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Claudia Totzeck , Marie-Therese Wolfram

This paper introduces an interacting-particle optimization method tailored to possibly non-convex composite optimization problems, which arise widely in signal processing. The proposed method, \emph{ProxiCBO}, integrates consensus-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-20 Haoyu Zhang , Yanting Ma , Ruangrawee Kitichotkul , Joshua Rapp , Petros Boufounos

In this paper we study anisotropic consensus-based optimization (CBO), a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization method capable of globally minimizing nonconvex and nonsmooth functions in high dimensions. CBO is based on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-03-26 Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Konstantin Riedl

Consensus based optimization (CBO) employs a swarm of particles evolving as a system of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Recently, it has been adapted to yield a derivative free sampling method referred to as consensus based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-06 Marvin Koß , Simon Weissmann , Jakob Zech

This paper studies a class of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) models featuring an additional stochastic rate of information, modeling the agents' knowledge of the environment and energy landscape. The well-posedness of the stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Stefano Almi , Alessandro Baldi , Marco Morandotti , Francesco Solombrino

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a class of metaheuristic algorithms designed for global optimization problems. In the many-particle limit, classical CBO dynamics can be rigorously connected to mean-field equations that ensure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-11 Jonathan Franceschi , Lorenzo Pareschi , Mattia Zanella

In this paper, we propose a predictor-corrector type Consensus Based Optimization (CBO) algorithm on a convex feasible set. Our proposed algorithm generalizes the CBO algorithm in [11] to tackle a constrained optimization problem for the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-14 Hyeong-Ohk Bae , Seung-Yeal Ha , Myeongju Kang , Hyuncheul Lim , Chanho Min , Jane Yoo

We propose Discrete Consensus-Based Optimization (DCBO), a fully discrete version of the Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) framework. DCBO is a multi-agent method for the global optimization of possibly non-convex and non-differentiable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-17 Junhyeok Byeon , Seung-Yeal Ha , Joong-Ho Won

This paper presents a particle-based optimization method designed for addressing minimization problems with equality constraints, particularly in cases where the loss function exhibits non-differentiability or non-convexity. The proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-31 José A. Carrillo , Shi Jin , Haoyu Zhang , Yuhua Zhu

We propose a novel method for sampling and optimization tasks based on a stochastic interacting particle system. We explain how this method can be used for the following two goals: (i) generating approximate samples from a given target…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-11-05 J. A. Carrillo , F. Hoffmann , A. M. Stuart , U. Vaes

Lately, a novel swarm intelligence model, namely the consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm, was introduced to deal with the global optimization problems. Limited by the conditions of Ito's formula, the convergence analysis of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Jiazhen Wei , Wei Bian

In this paper, we focus on finding the global minimizer of a general unconstrained nonsmooth nonconvex optimization problem. Taking advantage of the smoothing method and the consensus-based optimization (CBO) method, we propose a novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Jiazhen Wei , Wei Bian

We analyze the Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) algorithm with a consensus point rescaled by a small fixed parameter $\kappa \in (0,1)$. Under minimal assumptions on the objective function and the initial data, we establish its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Hui Huang , Hicham Kouhkouh , Lukang Sun

Contextual Bayesian optimization (CBO) is a powerful framework for sequential decision-making given side information, with important applications, e.g., in wind energy systems. In this setting, the learner receives context (e.g., weather…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-18 Shyam Sundhar Ramesh , Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Andreas Krause , Ilija Bogunovic

In this work we introduce a new class of gradient-free global optimization methods based on a binary interaction dynamics governed by a Boltzmann type equation. In each interaction the particles act taking into account both the best…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-09 Alessandro Benfenati , Giacomo Borghi , Lorenzo Pareschi

In this paper we study consensus-based optimization (CBO), a versatile, flexible and customizable optimization method suitable for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. CBO is a multi-particle…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Konstantin Riedl

In this paper, we provide a novel analytical perspective on the theoretical understanding of gradient-based learning algorithms by interpreting consensus-based optimization (CBO), a recently proposed multi-particle derivative-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Konstantin Riedl , Timo Klock , Carina Geldhauser , Massimo Fornasier

In this chapter we give an overview of the consensus-based global optimization algorithm and its recent variants. We recall the formulation and analytical results of the original model, then we discuss variants using component-wise…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-06 Claudia Totzeck