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We investigate how large language models perform on low-resource languages by benchmarking eight LLMs across five experimental conditions in English, Kazakh, and Mongolian. Using 50 hand-crafted questions spanning factual, reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Abdul-Salem Beibitkhan

While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable success in multilingual translation, their internal core translation mechanisms, even at the fundamental word level, remain insufficiently understood. To address this critical gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hongbin Zhang , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Xiucheng Li , Yang Xiang , Min Zhang

Language features are ever-evolving in the real-world social media environment. Many trained models in natural language understanding (NLU), ineffective in semantic inference for unseen features, might consequently struggle with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Yuji Zhang , Jing Li

Multilingual Machine Translation promises to improve translation quality between non-English languages. This is advantageous for several reasons, namely lower latency (no need to translate twice), and reduced error cascades (e.g., avoiding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Telmo Pessoa Pires , Robin M. Schmidt , Yi-Hsiu Liao , Stephan Peitz

Despite rapid progress in large language models (LLMs), their performance on a vast majority of languages remains unsatisfactory. In this paper, we study building language-specific LLMs by adapting monolingual and multilingual LLMs. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Atula Tejaswi , Nilesh Gupta , Eunsol Choi

Large language models (LLMs) have multilingual capabilities and can solve tasks across various languages. However, we show that current LLMs make key decisions in a representation space closest to English, regardless of their input and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Lisa Schut , Yarin Gal , Sebastian Farquhar

Negotiation is a core component of social intelligence, requiring agents to balance strategic reasoning, cooperation, and social norms. Recent work shows that LLMs can engage in multi-turn negotiation, yet nearly all evaluations occur…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Stuti Sinha , Himanshu Kumar , Aryan Raju Mandapati , Rakshit Sakhuja , Dhruv Kumar

Large language models have achieved impressive progress in multilingual translation, yet they continue to face challenges with certain language pairs-particularly those with limited training data or significant linguistic divergence from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yumeng Lin , Xufeng Duan , David Haslett , Yige Chen , Zhenguang G. Cai

Most natural languages have a predominant or fixed word order. For example in English the word order is usually Subject-Verb-Object. This work attempts to explain this phenomenon as well as other typological findings regarding word order…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Idan Rejwan , Avi Caciularu

Large language models exhibit strong multilingual capabilities despite limited exposure to non-English data. Prior studies show that English-centric large language models map multilingual content into English-aligned representations at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Chengzhi Zhong , Fei Cheng , Qianying Liu , Yugo Murawaki , Chenhui Chu , Sadao Kurohashi

Graphs provide a unified representation of semantic content and relational structure, making them a natural fit for domains such as molecular modeling, citation networks, and social graphs. Meanwhile, large language models (LLMs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Haotian Xu , Yuning You , Tengfei Ma

Output diversity is crucial for Large Language Models as it underpins pluralism and creativity. In this work, we reveal that controlling the language used during model thinking-the language of thought-provides a novel and structural source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Shaoyang Xu , Wenxuan Zhang

With language models becoming increasingly ubiquitous, it has become essential to address their inequitable treatment of diverse demographic groups and factors. Most research on evaluating and mitigating fairness harms has been concentrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Krithika Ramesh , Sunayana Sitaram , Monojit Choudhury

Multilingual large language models (MLLMs), trained on multilingual balanced data, demonstrate better zero-shot learning performance in non-English languages compared to large language models trained on English-dominant data. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Hwichan Kim , Jun Suzuki , Tosho Hirasawa , Mamoru Komachi

Recent Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) with thinking traces have shown strong performance on English reasoning tasks. However, their ability to think in other languages is less studied. This capability is as important as answer accuracy for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Jirui Qi , Shan Chen , Zidi Xiong , Raquel Fernández , Danielle S. Bitterman , Arianna Bisazza

Determining the relative importance of the elements in a sentence is a key factor for effortless natural language understanding. For human language processing, we can approximate patterns of relative importance by measuring reading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Nora Hollenstein , Lisa Beinborn

Recent advances in discourse parsing performance create the impression that, as in other NLP tasks, performance for high-resource languages such as English is finally becoming reliable. In this paper we demonstrate that this is not the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yang Janet Liu , Amir Zeldes

Neural Language Models (NLMs) have made tremendous advances during the last years, achieving impressive performance on various linguistic tasks. Capitalizing on this, studies in neuroscience have started to use NLMs to study neural activity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Alexandre Pasquiou , Yair Lakretz , John Hale , Bertrand Thirion , Christophe Pallier

Multilingual Large Language Models considerably changed how technologies influence language. While previous technologies could mediate or assist humans, there is now a tendency to offload the task of writing itself to these technologies,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Eva Vanmassenhove

Language exhibits inherent structures, a property that explains both language acquisition and language change. Given this characteristic, we expect language models to manifest their own internal structures as well. While interpretability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haruki Sakajo , Frederikus Hudi , Yusuke Sakai , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Taro Watanabe