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Quantum error correction requires decoders that are both accurate and efficient. To this end, union-find decoding has emerged as a promising candidate for error correction on the surface code. In this work, we benchmark a weighted variant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-22 Shilin Huang , Michael Newman , Kenneth R. Brown

Applying the max-product (and belief-propagation) algorithms to loopy graphs is now quite popular for best assignment problems. This is largely due to their low computational complexity and impressive performance in practice. Still, there…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-07-19 Yung-Yih Jian , Henry D. Pfister

Decoding a quantum error correction code is generally NP-hard, but corrections must be applied at a high frequency to suppress noise successfully. Matchable codes, like the surface code, exhibit a special structure that makes it possible to…

Errors in surface code have typically been decoded by Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) based method. Recently, neural-network-based Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been employed for this purpose. Here we propose a two-level (low…

Homological product codes are a class of codes that can have improved distance while retaining relatively low stabilizer weight. We show how to build union-find decoders for these codes, using a union-find decoder for one of the codes in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-10 Nicolas Delfosse , Matthew B. Hastings

The usual belief propagation (BP) decoders are, in general, exchanging local information on the Tanner graph of the quantum error-correcting (QEC) code and, in particular, are known to not have a threshold for the surface code. We propose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Pedro Hack , Luca Menti , Francisco Lazaro , Alexandru Paler

Matching algorithms can be used for identifying errors in quantum systems, being the most famous the Blossom algorithm. Recent works have shown that small distance quantum error correction codes can be efficiently decoded by employing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-27 Savvas Varsamopoulos , Koen Bertels , Carmen G. Almudever

For finite geometry low-density parity-check codes, heavy row and column weights in their parity check matrix make the decoding with even Min-Sum (MS) variants computationally expensive. To alleviate it, we present a class of hybrid schemes…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-07-02 Guangwen Li , Dashe Li , Yuling Wang , Wenyan Sun

Transversal logical gates offer the opportunity for fast and low-noise logic, particularly when interspersed by a single round of parity check measurements of the underlying code. Using such circuits for the surface code requires decoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Marc Serra-Peralta , Mackenzie H. Shaw , Barbara M. Terhal

Due to the speed limitation of the conventional bit-chosen strategy in the existing weighted bit flipping algorithms, a high-speed LDPC decoder cannot be realized. To solve this problem, we propose a fast weighted bit flipping (FWBF)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-06-18 Kexiang Ma , Yongzhao Li , Caizhi Zhu , Hailin Zhang , Feng Qi

In this work, we introduce a fast implementation of the minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) decoder, the most widely used decoder for several important families of quantum error correcting codes, including surface codes. Our algorithm,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Oscar Higgott , Craig Gidney

Bit-flipping (BF) decoding of low-density parity-check codes is of low complexity but gives inferior performance in general. To improve performance and provide new BF decoder options for complexity-performance tradeoffs, we propose new…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-09-01 Tofar C. -Y. Chang , Yu T. Su

We quantify decoder dependence in surface-code threshold studies under two matched regimes: Pauli noise and native GKP-style Gaussian displacement digitization. Using LiDMaS+ v1.1.0, we benchmark MWPM, Union-Find (UF), Belief Propagation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Dennis Delali Kwesi Wayo , Chinonso Onah , Leonardo Goliatt , Sven Groppe

We present a new decoder for the surface code, which combines the accuracy of the tensor-network decoders with the efficiency and parallelism of the belief-propagation algorithm. Our main idea is to replace the expensive tensor-network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-17 Aviad Kaufmann , Itai Arad

Neural-network decoders can achieve a lower logical error rate compared to conventional decoders, like minimum-weight perfect matching, when decoding the surface code. Furthermore, these decoders require no prior information about the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Boris M. Varbanov , Marc Serra-Peralta , David Byfield , Barbara M. Terhal

Dense image correspondence is central to many applications, such as visual odometry, 3D reconstruction, object association, and re-identification. Historically, dense correspondence has been tackled separately for wide-baseline scenarios…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yuchen Zhang , Nikhil Keetha , Chenwei Lyu , Bhuvan Jhamb , Yutian Chen , Yuheng Qiu , Jay Karhade , Shreyas Jha , Yaoyu Hu , Deva Ramanan , Sebastian Scherer , Wenshan Wang

A fault-tolerant quantum computer must decode and correct errors faster than they appear. The faster errors can be corrected, the more time the computer can do useful work. The Union-Find (UF) decoder is promising with an average time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-16 Namitha Liyanage , Yue Wu , Alexander Deters , Lin Zhong

A fault-tolerant quantum computer must decode and correct errors faster than they appear to prevent exponential slowdown due to error correction. The Union-Find (UF) decoder is promising with an average time complexity slightly higher than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-03 Namitha Liyanage , Yue Wu , Siona Tagare , Lin Zhong

Error syndromes for heavy hexagonal code and other topological codes such as surface code have typically been decoded by using Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) based methods. Recent advances have shown that topological codes can be…

Continuous phase modulation (CPM) has extensive applications in wireless communications due to its high spectral and power efficiency. However, its nonlinear characteristics pose significant challenges for detection in frequency selective…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Zilong Liu , Yi Song , Qinghua Guo , Peng Sun , Kexian Gong , Zhongyong Wang