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It is increasingly common in digital environments to use A/B tests to compare the performance of recommendation algorithms. However, such experiments often violate the stable unit treatment value assumption (SUTVA), particularly SUTVA's "no…

A/B testing is widexly used in the industry to optimize customer facing websites. Many companies employ experimentation specialists to facilitate and improve the process of A/B testing. Here, we present the application of A/B testing to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Melanie J. I. Müller

A/B tests, also known as randomized controlled experiments (RCTs), are the gold standard for evaluating the impact of new policies, products, or decisions. However, these tests can be costly in terms of time and resources, potentially…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-03 Shima Nassiri , Mohsen Bayati , Joe Cooprider

We have seen a massive growth of online experiments at LinkedIn, and in industry at large. It is now more important than ever to create an intelligent A/B platform that can truly democratize A/B testing by allowing everyone to make quality…

Applications · Statistics 2018-08-02 Nanyu Chen , Min Liu , Ya Xu

A/B testing has become the cornerstone of decision-making in online markets, guiding how platforms launch new features, optimize pricing strategies, and improve user experience. In practice, we typically employ the pairwise $t$-test to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-29 Junpeng Gong , Chunkai Wang , Hao Li , Jinyong Ma , Haoxuan Li , Xu He

Online controlled experiments, such as A/B-tests, are commonly used by modern tech companies to enable continuous system improvements. Despite their paramount importance, A/B-tests are expensive: by their very definition, a percentage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Shubham Baweja , Neeti Pokharna , Aleksei Ustimenko , Olivier Jeunen

Experimentation in online digital platforms is used to inform decision making. Specifically, the goal of many experiments is to optimize a metric of interest. Null hypothesis statistical testing can be ill-suited to this task, as it is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-10 Timothy Sudijono , Simon Ejdemyr , Apoorva Lal , Martin Tingley

A/B tests are randomized experiments frequently used by companies that offer services on the Web for assessing the impact of new features. During an experiment, each user is randomly redirected to one of two versions of the website, called…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Francisco Galuppo Azevedo , Bruno Demattos Nogueira , Fabricio Murai , Ana Paula Couto da Silva

A/B testing is gaining attention in the automotive sector as a promising tool to measure causal effects from software changes. Different from the web-facing businesses, where A/B testing has been well-established, the automotive domain…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Yuchu Liu , David Issa Mattos , Jan Bosch , Helena Holmström Olsson , Jonn Lantz

If an experimental treatment is experienced by both treated and control group units, tests of hypotheses about causal effects may be difficult to conceptualize let alone execute. In this paper, we show how counterfactual causal models may…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-08-03 Jake Bowers , Mark Fredrickson , Costas Panagopoulos

In the experimental design literature, Neyman allocation refers to the practice of allocating units into treated and control groups, potentially in unequal numbers proportional to their respective standard deviations, with the objective of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-15 Jinglong Zhao

Online controlled experiments are the primary tool for measuring the causal impact of product changes in digital businesses. It is increasingly common for digital products and services to interact with customers in a personalised way. Using…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-02 C. H. Bryan Liu , Benjamin Paul Chamberlain

Online experiments such as Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) or A/B-tests are the bread and butter of modern platforms on the web. They are conducted continuously to allow platforms to estimate the causal effect of replacing system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Olivier Jeunen

The conclusions of randomized controlled trials may be biased when the outcome of one unit depends on the treatment status of other units, a problem known as interference. In this work, we study interference in the setting of one-sided…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-01 Jennifer Brennan , Vahab Mirrokni , Jean Pouget-Abadie

Online user-generated content platforms allocate billions of dollars of promotional traffic through algorithms in two-sided marketplaces. To evaluate updates to these algorithms, platforms frequently rely on creator-side randomized…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-10 Ruohan Zhan , Shichao Han , Yuchen Hu , Zhenling Jiang

On-line experimentation (also known as A/B testing) has become an integral part of software development. To timely incorporate user feedback and continuously improve products, many software companies have adopted the culture of agile…

Applications · Statistics 2019-08-13 Yu Wang , Somit Gupta , Jiannan Lu , Ali Mahmoudzadeh , Sophia Liu

Accurate estimation of treatment effects in online A/B testing is challenging with zero-inflated and skewed metrics. Traditional tests, like Welch's t-test, often lack sensitivity with heavy-tailed data due to their reliance on means, as…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-07 Kevin Charette , Tristan Boudreault

This study presents a theoretical analysis on the efficiency of interleaving, an efficient online evaluation method for rankings. Although interleaving has already been applied to production systems, the source of its high efficiency has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Kojiro Iizuka , Hajime Morita , Makoto P. Kato

This paper examines how spillover effects in A/B testing can impede organizational progress and develops strategies for mitigating these challenges. We identify a phenomenon termed ``seesaw experimentation'', where a firm's overall…

General Economics · Economics 2025-01-16 Jin Li , Ye Luo , Xiaowei Zhang

We study ratio metrics in A/B testing at the presence of correlation among observations coming from the same user and provides practical guidance especially when two metrics contradict each other. We propose new estimating methods to…

Applications · Statistics 2020-07-24 Keyu Nie , Yinfei Kong , Ted Tao Yuan , Pauline Berry Burke