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Distributed secondary frequency control for power systems, is a problem that has been extensively studied in the literature, and one of its key features is that an additional communication network is required to achieve optimal power…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-05 Mengmou Li , Jeremy Watson , Ioannis Lestas

Grid-forming, particularly those utilizing droop control and virtual synchronous generators (VSG), can actively regulate the frequency and voltage of microgrid systems, exhibiting dynamic characteristics akin to those of synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Aihong Tang

The growing integration of renewable energy sources into distribution networks poses significant challenges to frequency and voltage stability due to their intermittent nature and low-inertia dynamics. This paper proposes a multilevel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Xian Wu , Jan H. van Schuppen , Hai Xiang Lin

The number of installed remote terminal units (RTU) is on the rise, increasing the observability and control of the power system. RTUs enable sending data to and receiving data from a control center in the power system. A distribution grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-14 Milad Beikbabaei , Ali Mehrizi-Sani

Synchronisation of parallel grid-forming inverters is crucial for stable operation of future power systems. This includes accurate and robust reactive power sharing under realistic operating conditions such as impedance mismatch and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-25 E. D. Gomez Anccas , E. A. MacPherson , J. Tegeler , K. Röbert , M. Fischer , C. A. Hans , D. Schulz

High penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is transforming the paradigm in power system operation. The ability to provide electricity to customers while the main grid is disrupted has introduced the concept of microgrids with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-27 Amin Gholami , Xu Andy Sun

This paper proposes a decentralized and coordinated voltage and frequency (Vf) control framework for islanded microgrids, with full consideration of the limited capacity of distributed energy resources (DERs) and Vf dependent load. First,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-11 Buxin She , Fangxing Li , Hantao Cui , Jinning Wang , Liang Min , Oroghene Oboreh Snapps , Rui Bo

Integrated with a high share of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), microgrids face increasing complexity of frequency dynamics, especially after unintentional islanding from the maingrid. These IBRs, on the other hand, provide more control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-22 Zhongda Chu , Guoxuan Cui , Fei Teng

As power systems become more and more interconnected, the inter-area oscillations has become a serious factor limiting large power transfer among different areas. Underdamped (Undamped) inter-area oscillations may cause system breakup and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-01-10 Jianming Lian , Shaobu Wang , Ruisheng Diao , Zhenyu Huang

Grid-interfacing inverters act as the interface between renewable resources and the electric grid, and have the potential to offer fast and programmable controls compared to synchronous generators. With this flexibility there has been…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

Distributed secondary control plays an important role in DC microgrids, since it ensures system control objectives, which are power sharing and DC bus voltage stability. Previous studies have suggested using a control architecture that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-18 T. V. Vu , S. Paran , F. Diaz , T. E. Meyzani , C. S. Edrington

Forming (hybrid) AC/DC microgrids (MGs) has become a promising manner for the interconnection of various kinds of distributed generators that are inherently AC or DC electric sources. This paper addresses the distributed asynchronous power…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-05-02 Zhaojian Wang , Shengwei Mei , Feng Liu , Peng Yi , Ming Cao

The proliferation of inverter-based generation and advanced sensing, controls, and communication infrastructure have facilitated the accelerated deployment of microgrids. A coordinated network of microgrids can maintain reliable power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-19 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Wei Du , Francis Tuffner , Kevin Schneider

With the rapid adoption of emerging inverter-based resources, it is crucial to understand their dynamic interactions across the network and ensure stability. This paper proposes a systematic and efficient method to determine the optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Sushobhan Chatterjee , Sijia Geng

This letter demonstrates how synthetic inertia can be obtained with the control of flexible discrete devices to keep the power balance of power systems, even if the system does not include any synchronous generator or conventional…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-23 A. Vaca , F. Milano

With the emergence of low-inertia microgrids powered by inverter-based generation, there remains a concern about the operational resilience of these systems. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs), enabled by various device-level (primary) and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-23 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Alok Kumar Bharati , Subhrajit Sinha , Soumya Kundu , Veronica Adetola , Kevin Schneider

This paper developed a novel control approach for the sparse and safe frequency regulation for inverter intensive microgrids (MGs). In the scenario, the inverters and external grids are expected to reach a synchronized desired frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-12 Junhui Zhang , Lizhi Ding , Xiaonan Lu , Wenyuan Tang

This paper presents a non-intrusive, decentralized approach that stabilizes AC microgrids dominated by inverter-based resources (IBRs). By "non-intrusive" we mean that the approach does not require reprogramming IBRs' controllers to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-23 Tong Huang

In this work, we present new secondary regulators for current sharing and voltage balancing in DC microgrids, composed of distributed generation units, dynamic RLC lines, and nonlinear ZIP (constant impedance, constant current, and constant…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-04 Pulkit Nahata , Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate

Hybrid microgrids integrating Grid-Following (GFL) and Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters present complex control challenges arising from the decoupling between long-term economic dispatch and real-time dynamic regulation, as well as the distinct…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Lifu Ding , Chunhui Hou , Yutong Li , Qinmin Yang