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Principal component analysis (PCA) is a fundamental technique for dimensionality reduction and denoising; however, its application to three-dimensional data with arbitrary orientations -- common in structural biology -- presents significant…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-22 Michael Fraiman , Paulina Hoyos , Tamir Bendory , Joe Kileel , Oscar Mickelin , Nir Sharon , Amit Singer

Sparse principal component analysis (sparse PCA) is a widely used technique for dimensionality reduction in multivariate analysis, addressing two key limitations of standard PCA. First, sparse PCA can be implemented in high-dimensional low…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-07 Jan O. Bauer

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a powerful standard tool for reducing the dimensionality of data. Unfortunately, it is sensitive to outliers so that various robust PCA variants were proposed in the literature. This paper addresses the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-02-13 Sebastian Neumayer , Max Nimmer , Simon Setzer , Gabriele Steidl

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is known to be the most widely applied dimensionality reduction approach. A lot of improvements have been done on the traditional PCA, in order to obtain optimal results in the dimensionality reduction of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Chisom Ezinne Ogbuanya

We present a method for performing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on noisy datasets with missing values. Estimates of the measurement error are used to weight the input data such that compared to classic PCA, the resulting eigenvectors…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Stephen Bailey

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique commonly used in multivariate data analysis. However, PCA can be difficult to interpret and explain since the principal components (PCs) are linear combinations of the original…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2013-12-24 W. Liu , H. Zhang , D. Tao , Y. Wang , K. Lu

Classical machine learning algorithms often face scalability bottlenecks when they are applied to large-scale data. Such algorithms were designed to work with small data that is assumed to fit in the memory of one machine. In this report,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-05-14 Tarek Elgamal , Mohamed Hefeeda

This paper introduces a Projected Principal Component Analysis (Projected-PCA), which employs principal component analysis to the projected (smoothed) data matrix onto a given linear space spanned by covariates. When it applies to…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-01-18 Jianqing Fan , Yuan Liao , Weichen Wang

Traditional principal component analysis (PCA) is well known in high-dimensional data analysis, but it requires to express data by a matrix with observations to be continuous. To overcome the limitations, a new method called flexible PCA…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-17 Tonglin Zhang , Baijian Yang , Qianqian Song , Jing Su

As a widely used method in machine learning, principal component analysis (PCA) shows excellent properties for dimensionality reduction. It is a serious problem that PCA is sensitive to outliers, which has been improved by numerous Robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Shenglan Liu , Yang Yu

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a highly useful topic within an introductory Linear Algebra course, especially since it can be used to incorporate a number of applied projects. This method represents an essential application and…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2016-04-19 Stephen Pankavich , Rebecca Swanson

In this paper we analyze approximate methods for undertaking a principal components analysis (PCA) on large data sets. PCA is a classical dimension reduction method that involves the projection of the data onto the subspace spanned by the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-08-16 Darren Homrighausen , Daniel J. McDonald

Sparse principal component analysis (SPCA) has emerged as a powerful technique for modern data analysis, providing improved interpretation of low-rank structures by identifying localized spatial structures in the data and disambiguating…

Fourier PCA is Principal Component Analysis of a matrix obtained from higher order derivatives of the logarithm of the Fourier transform of a distribution.We make this method algorithmic by developing a tensor decomposition method for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-07-01 Navin Goyal , Santosh Vempala , Ying Xiao

We present a new technique called contrastive principal component analysis (cPCA) that is designed to discover low-dimensional structure that is unique to a dataset, or enriched in one dataset relative to other data. The technique is a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-23 Abubakar Abid , Martin J. Zhang , Vivek K. Bagaria , James Zou

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a classical and ubiquitous method for reducing data dimensionality, but it is suboptimal for heterogeneous data that are increasingly common in modern applications. PCA treats all samples uniformly so…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-02 David Hong , Kyle Gilman , Laura Balzano , Jeffrey A. Fessler

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular tool for linear dimensionality reduction and feature extraction. Kernel PCA is the nonlinear form of PCA, which better exploits the complicated spatial structure of high-dimensional features.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-09-02 Quan Wang

Principal component analysis has been widely adopted to reduce the dimension of data while preserving the information. The quantum version of PCA (qPCA) can be used to analyze an unknown low-rank density matrix by rapidly revealing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-26 Zhaokai Li , Zihua Chai , Yuhang Guo , Wentao Ji , Mengqi Wang , Fazhan Shi , Ya Wang , Seth Lloyd , Jiangfeng Du

Factor models are a class of powerful statistical models that have been widely used to deal with dependent measurements that arise frequently from various applications from genomics and neuroscience to economics and finance. As data are…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-14 Jianqing Fan , Kaizheng Wang , Yiqiao Zhong , Ziwei Zhu

Recent advances have sparked significant interest in the development of privacy-preserving Principal Component Analysis (PCA). However, many existing approaches rely on restrictive assumptions, such as assuming sub-Gaussian data or being…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-22 Minwoo Kim , Sungkyu Jung