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The ability to robustly identify causal relationships is essential for autonomous decision-making and adaptation to novel scenarios. However, accurately inferring causal structure requires integrating both world knowledge and abstract…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Khurram Yamin , Shantanu Gupta , Gaurav R. Ghosal , Zachary C. Lipton , Bryan Wilder

Reasoning, a crucial aspect of NLP research, has not been adequately addressed by prevailing models including Large Language Model. Conversation reasoning, as a critical component of it, remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Hang Chen , Bingyu Liao , Jing Luo , Wenjing Zhu , Xinyu Yang

Causal discovery aims to estimate causal structures among variables based on observational data. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a fresh perspective to tackle the causal discovery problem by reasoning on the metadata associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Yuni Susanti , Michael Färber

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) is the task of automatically predicting a law case's judgment results given a text describing its facts, which has excellent prospects in judicial assistance systems and convenient services for the public. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Nuo Xu , Pinghui Wang , Long Chen , Li Pan , Xiaoyan Wang , Junzhou Zhao

As a key component to intuitive cognition and reasoning solutions in human intelligence, causal knowledge provides great potential for reinforcement learning (RL) agents' interpretability towards decision-making by helping reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Ruichu Cai , Siyang Huang , Jie Qiao , Wei Chen , Yan Zeng , Keli Zhang , Fuchun Sun , Yang Yu , Zhifeng Hao

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) has become increasingly important in the legal field. In this paper, we identify that existing large language models (LLMs) have significant problems of insufficient reasoning due to a lack of legal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Xinyu Yang , Chenlong Deng , Zhicheng Dou

The mainstream of data-driven abstractive summarization models tends to explore the correlations rather than the causal relationships. Among such correlations, there can be spurious ones which suffer from the language prior learned from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Lu Chen , Ruqing Zhang , Wei Huang , Wei Chen , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Causal reasoning (CR) is a crucial aspect of intelligence, essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and understanding the world. While language models (LMs) can generate rationales for their outputs, their ability to reliably perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Longxuan Yu , Delin Chen , Siheng Xiong , Qingyang Wu , Qingzhen Liu , Dawei Li , Zhikai Chen , Xiaoze Liu , Liangming Pan

Large language models (LLMs) face a fundamental trade-off between computational efficiency (e.g., number of parameters) and output quality, especially when deployed on computationally limited devices such as phones or laptops. One way to…

Reinforcement learning is an essential paradigm for solving sequential decision problems under uncertainty. Despite many remarkable achievements in recent decades, applying reinforcement learning methods in the real world remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Zhihong Deng , Jing Jiang , Guodong Long , Chengqi Zhang

Causality plays a pivotal role in various fields of study. Based on the framework of causal graphical models, previous works have proposed identifying whether a variable is a cause or non-cause of a target in every Markov equivalent graph…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-16 Qingyuan Zheng , Yue Liu , Yangbo He

Common law courts need to refer to similar precedents' judgments to inform their current decisions. Generating high-quality summaries of court judgment documents can facilitate legal practitioners to efficiently review previous cases and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Shuaiqi Liu , Jiannong Cao , Yicong Li , Ruosong Yang , Zhiyuan Wen

Linear structural causal models (SCMs) -- in which each observed variable is generated by a subset of the other observed variables as well as a subset of the exogenous sources -- are pervasive in causal inference and casual discovery.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Yuqin Yang , Mohamed Nafea , AmirEmad Ghassami , Negar Kiyavash

A fundamental goal of scientific research is to learn about causal relationships. However, despite its critical role in the life and social sciences, causality has not had the same importance in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which has…

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to predict judgment outcomes based on case description. Several researchers have developed techniques to assist potential clients by predicting the outcome in the legal profession. However, none of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Salwa Abbara , Mona Hafez , Aya Kazzaz , Areej Alhothali , Alhanouf Alsolami

The ability to understand causality significantly impacts the competence of large language models (LLMs) in output explanation and counterfactual reasoning, as causality reveals the underlying data distribution. However, the lack of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Yu Zhou , Xingyu Wu , Beicheng Huang , Jibin Wu , Liang Feng , Kay Chen Tan

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) aims to predict judicial outcomes from case facts and typically includes law article, charge, and sentencing prediction. While recent methods perform well on the first two subtasks, legal sentencing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Junjie Chen , Haitao Li , Qilei Zhang , Zhenghua Li , Ya Zhang , Quan Zhou , Cheng Luo , Yiqun Liu , Dongsheng Guo , Qingyao Ai

Causal reasoning capabilities are essential for large language models (LLMs) in a wide range of applications, such as education and healthcare. But there is still a lack of benchmarks for a better understanding of such capabilities. Current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Ruibo Tu , Hedvig Kjellström , Gustav Eje Henter , Cheng Zhang

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to automatically predict judgment results, such as charges, relevant law articles, and the term of penalty. It plays a vital role in legal assistant systems and has become a popular research topic in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Lianxin Song , Xiaohui Han , Guangqi Liu , Wentong Wang , Chaoran Cui , Yilong Yin

For a given causal question, it is important to efficiently decide which causal inference method to use for a given dataset. This is challenging because causal methods typically rely on complex and difficult-to-verify assumptions, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Shantanu Gupta , Cheng Zhang , Agrin Hilmkil