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Causal effect identification typically requires a fully specified causal graph, which can be difficult to obtain in practice. We provide a sufficient criterion for identifying causal effects from a candidate set of Markov equivalence…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-19 Kai Z. Teh , Kayvan Sadeghi , Terry Soo

We present a novel proof of de Finetti's Theorem characterizing permutation-invariant probability measures of infinite sequences of variables, so-called exchangeable measures. The proof is phrased in the language of Markov categories, which…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-11-08 Tobias Fritz , Tomáš Gonda , Paolo Perrone

We present a categorical construction for modelling causal structures within a general class of process theories that include the theory of classical probabilistic processes as well as quantum theory. Unlike prior constructions within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-22 Aleks Kissinger , Sander Uijlen

Category theory has been recently used as a tool for constructing and modeling an information flow framework. Here, we show that the flow of information can be described using preradicals. We prove that preradicals generalize the notion of…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-14 Sebastian Pardo G. , Gabriel A. Silva

Processes having the same bridges are said to belong to the same reciprocal class. In this article we analyze reciprocal classes of Markov counting processes by identifying their reciprocal invariants and we characterize them as the set of…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-09-05 Giovanni Conforti , Christian Léonard , Rüdiger Murr , Sylvie Roelly

We assess the descriptive complexity of *bisimilarity* or "equality of behavior" on a family of Markov decision processes over uncountable standard Borel spaces, namely *nondeterministic labelled Markov processes* (NLMP). We show that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Martín Santiago Moroni , Pedro Sánchez Terraf

We provide a systematic study of the notion of duality of Markov processes with respect to a function. We discuss the relation of this notion with duality with respect to a measure as studied in Markov process theory and potential theory…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-02-18 Sabine Jansen , Noemi Kurt

Applied category theory often studies symmetric monoidal categories (SMCs) whose morphisms represent open systems. These structures naturally accommodate complex wiring patterns, leveraging (co)monoidal structures for splitting and merging…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Marius Furter , Yujun Huang , Gioele Zardini

Identifying the effects of causes and causes of effects is vital in virtually every scientific field. Often, however, the needed probabilities may not be fully identifiable from the data sources available. This paper shows how partial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Ang Li , Scott Mueller , Judea Pearl

In this article we revisit a new notion of positivity in real semisimple Lie groups that at the same time generalizes total positivity in split real Lie groups as well as positive Lie semigroups in Hermitian Lie groups of tube type. We…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Anna Wienhard

We show that, for generative classifiers, conditional independence corresponds to linear constraints for the induced discrimination functions. Discrimination functions of undirected Markov network classifiers can thus be characterized by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Gherardo Varando , Concha Bielza , Pedro Larrañaga , Eva Riccomagno

Causality is a central concept in a wide range of research areas, yet there is still no universally agreed axiomatisation of causality. We view causality both as an extension of probability theory and as a study of \textit{what happens when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Junhyung Park , Simon Buchholz , Bernhard Schölkopf , Krikamol Muandet

This survey contains a selection of topics unified by the concept of positive semi-definiteness (of matrices or kernels), reflecting natural constraints imposed on discrete data (graphs or networks) or continuous objects (probability or…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2019-11-13 Alexander Belton , Dominique Guillot , Apoorva Khare , Mihai Putinar

We consider Markov decision processes (MDPs) which are a standard model for probabilistic systems. We focus on qualitative properties for MDPs that can express that desired behaviors of the system arise almost-surely (with probability 1) or…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-05-06 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Martin Chmelik , Przemyslaw Daca

We study the difference between internal categories and internal groupoids in terms of generalised Mal'tsev properties---the weak Mal'tsev property on the one hand, and $n$-permutability on the other. In the first part of the article we…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2014-08-19 Nelson Martins-Ferreira , Tim Van der Linden

We present a counterexample showing that Markov categories with conditionals (such as BorelStoch) need not validate a natural scheme of axioms which we call contraction identities. These identities hold in every traced monoidal category, so…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Dario Stein , Márk Széles

This paper deals with control of partially observable discrete-time stochastic systems. It introduces and studies Markov Decision Processes with Incomplete Information and with semi-uniform Feller transition probabilities. The important…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-30 Eugene A. Feinberg , Pavlo O. Kasyanov , Michael Z. Zgurovsky

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a homogeneous Markov process taking values in $\R^n$ to enjoy the time-inversion property of degree $\alpha$. The condition sets the shape for the semigroup densities of the process and…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Stephan Lawi

Probability theory can be studied synthetically as the computational effect embodied by a commutative monad. In the recently proposed Markov categories, one works with an abstraction of the Kleisli category and then defines deterministic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Sean Moss , Paolo Perrone

Identifying causal order from restricted projective data is generally nontrivial. When two quantum players interact only through an unobserved environment, the available local measurement statistics are typically not tomographically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Masahito Hayashi