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With the rapid deployment of graph neural networks (GNNs) based techniques into a wide range of applications such as link prediction, node classification, and graph classification the explainability of GNNs has become an indispensable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Yiqiao Li , Jianlong Zhou , Boyuan Zheng , Fang Chen

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have advanced significantly in handling graph-structured data, but a comprehensive framework for evaluating explainability remains lacking. Existing evaluation frameworks primarily involve post-hoc explanations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Magdalena Proszewska , N. Siddharth

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are quickly becoming the standard approach for learning on graph structured data across several domains, but they lack transparency in their decision-making. Several perturbation-based approaches have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Anna Himmelhuber , Mitchell Joblin , Martin Ringsquandl , Thomas Runkler

Recently, subgraphs-enhanced Graph Neural Networks (SGNNs) have been introduced to enhance the expressive power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which was proved to be not higher than the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman isomorphism test. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Michele Guerra , Indro Spinelli , Simone Scardapane , Filippo Maria Bianchi

Networks are a powerful tool to model complex systems, and the definition of many Graph Neural Networks (GNN), Deep Learning algorithms that can handle networks, has opened a new way to approach many real-world problems that would be hardly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Marco Grassia , Manlio De Domenico , Giuseppe Mangioni

Dynamic graphs are widely used to represent evolving real-world networks. Temporal Graph Neural Networks (TGNNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for processing such graphs, but the lack of transparency and explainability limits their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Xuyan Li , Jie Wang , Zheng Yan

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) achieve state-of-the-art performance in various graph-related tasks. However, the black-box nature often limits their interpretability and trustworthiness. Numerous explainability methods have been proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Jialin Chen , Kenza Amara , Junchi Yu , Rex Ying

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a prominent framework for graph mining, leading to significant advances across various domains. Stemmed from the node-wise representations of GNNs, existing explanation studies have embraced the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Yuwen Wang , Shunyu Liu , Tongya Zheng , Kaixuan Chen , Mingli Song

Following a fast initial breakthrough in graph based learning, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have reached a widespread application in many science and engineering fields, prompting the need for methods to understand their decision process.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Antonio Longa , Steve Azzolin , Gabriele Santin , Giulia Cencetti , Pietro Liò , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini

Explaining Graph Neural Networks predictions to end users of AI applications in easily understandable terms remains an unsolved problem. In particular, we do not have well developed methods for automatically evaluating explanations, in ways…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Vanya BK , Balaji Ganesan , Aniket Saxena , Devbrat Sharma , Arvind Agarwal

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which generalize the deep neural networks to graph-structured data, have achieved great success in modeling graphs. However, as an extension of deep learning for graphs, GNNs lack explainability, which largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Enyan Dai , Suhang Wang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as powerful tools for learning representations of graph-structured data, demonstrating remarkable performance across various tasks. Recognising their importance, there has been extensive research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Akshit Sinha , Sreeram Vennam , Charu Sharma , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Despite the omnipresence of tensors and tensor operations in modern deep learning, the use of tensor mathematics to formally design and describe neural networks is still under-explored within the deep learning community. To this end, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Yao Lei Xu , Kriton Konstantinidis , Danilo P. Mandic

Recently, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have significantly advanced the performance of machine learning tasks on graphs. However, this technological breakthrough makes people wonder: how does a GNN make such decisions, and can we trust its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Xiaoqi Wang , Han-Wei Shen

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for conducting inference on graph data but are often seen as "black boxes" due to difficulty in extracting meaningful subnetworks driving predictive performance. Many interpretable GNN methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-17 Whitney Sloneker , Shalin Patel , Michael Wang , Lorin Crawford , Ritambhara Singh

In recent years, the remarkable success of graph neural networks (GNNs) on graph-structured data has prompted a surge of methods for explaining GNN predictions. However, the state-of-the-art for GNN explainability remains in flux. Different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Jesse He , Akbar Rafiey , Gal Mishne , Yusu Wang

Graphs are a powerful data structure to represent relational data and are widely used to describe complex real-world data structures. Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGMs) have been well-developed in the past years to mathematically model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Chenqing Hua , Sitao Luan , Qian Zhang , Jie Fu

When explaining the decisions of deep neural networks, simple stories are tempting but dangerous. Especially in computer vision, the most popular explanation approaches give a false sense of comprehension to its users and provide an overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Matthias Kirchler , Martin Graf , Marius Kloft , Christoph Lippert

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are the predominant approach for graph-based machine learning. While neural networks have shown great performance at learning useful representations, they are often criticized for their limited high-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Markus Zopf , Francesco Alesiani

Explaining Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has garnered significant attention due to the need for interpretability, enabling users to understand the behavior of these black-box models better and extract valuable insights from their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiaxing Zhang , Xiaoou Liu , Dongsheng Luo , Hua Wei