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Related papers: RQUGE: Reference-Free Metric for Evaluating Questi…

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We introduce a novel task, Video Question Generation (Video QG). A Video QG model automatically generates questions given a video clip and its corresponding dialogues. Video QG requires a range of skills -- sentence comprehension, temporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Yu-Siang Wang , Hung-Ting Su , Chen-Hsi Chang , Zhe-Yu Liu , Winston H. Hsu

Machine Translation (MT) Quality Estimation (QE) assesses translation reliability without reference texts. This study introduces "textual similarity" as a new metric for QE, using sentence transformers and cosine similarity to measure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Kun Sun , Rong Wang

We propose a model-based metric to estimate the factual accuracy of generated text that is complementary to typical scoring schemes like ROUGE (Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation) and BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Ben Goodrich , Vinay Rao , Mohammad Saleh , Peter J Liu

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)'s success depends on the utility the LLM derives from the content used for grounding. Quantifying content utility does not have a definitive specification and existing metrics ignore model-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yilun Hua , Giuseppe Castellucci , Peter Schulam , Heba Elfardy , Kevin Small

Natural Language Generation (NLG) refers to the operation of expressing the calculation results of a system in human language. Since the quality of generated sentences from an NLG model cannot be fully represented using only quantitative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Dojun Park , Youngjin Jang , Harksoo Kim

The common standard for quality evaluation of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems is reference-based metrics such as the Word Error Rate (WER), computed using manual ground-truth transcriptions that are time-consuming and expensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Kamer Ali Yuksel , Thiago Ferreira , Ahmet Gunduz , Mohamed Al-Badrashiny , Golara Javadi

Questioning has become increasingly crucial for both humans and artificial intelligence, yet there remains limited research comprehensively assessing question quality. In response, this study defines good questions and presents a systematic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Minjung Shin , Donghyun Kim , Jeh-Kwang Ryu

Despite Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) showing promising capability in leveraging external knowledge, a comprehensive evaluation of RAG systems is still challenging due to the modular nature of RAG, evaluation of long-form responses…

Existing reference-free metrics have obvious limitations for evaluating controlled text generation models. Unsupervised metrics can only provide a task-agnostic evaluation result which correlates weakly with human judgments, whereas…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Pei Ke , Hao Zhou , Yankai Lin , Peng Li , Jie Zhou , Xiaoyan Zhu , Minlie Huang

We introduce ParaBLEU, a paraphrase representation learning model and evaluation metric for text generation. Unlike previous approaches, ParaBLEU learns to understand paraphrasis using generative conditioning as a pretraining objective.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Jack Weston , Raphael Lenain , Udeepa Meepegama , Emil Fristed

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) in software engineering, particularly in code generation, has garnered significant attention. However, assessing the quality of AI-generated code remains a challenge due to the inherent complexity of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Ahilan Ayyachamy Nadar Ponnusamy

We investigate the difficulty levels of questions in reading comprehension datasets such as SQuAD, and propose a new question generation setting, named Difficulty-controllable Question Generation (DQG). Taking as input a sentence in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Yifan Gao , Lidong Bing , Wang Chen , Michael R. Lyu , Irwin King

We present $\textbf{$\texttt{SkillQG}$}$: a question generation framework with controllable comprehension types for assessing and improving machine reading comprehension models. Existing question generation systems widely differentiate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Xiaoqiang Wang , Bang Liu , Siliang Tang , Lingfei Wu

Many automatic evaluation metrics have been proposed to score the overall quality of a response in open-domain dialogue. Generally, the overall quality is comprised of various aspects, such as relevancy, specificity, and empathy, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Vitou Phy , Yang Zhao , Akiko Aizawa

The development of Automatic Question Generation (QG) models has the potential to significantly improve educational practices by reducing the teacher workload associated with creating educational content. This paper introduces a novel…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Ziqing Li , Mutlu Cukurova , Sahan Bulathwela

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support question answering and decision-making in high-stakes, domain-specific settings such as natural hazard response and infrastructure planning, where effective answers must convey…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Homaira Huda Shomee , Rochana Chaturvedi , Yangxinyu Xie , Tanwi Mallick

Open-ended question answering (QA) evaluates a model's ability to perform contextualized reasoning beyond factual recall. This challenge is especially acute in practice-based domains, where knowledge is procedural and grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Si Chen , Le Huy Khiem , Annalisa Szymanski , Ronald Metoyer , Ting Hua , Nitesh V. Chawla

Metric validation in Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is currently done by observing the correlation between human and metric-induced rankings. However, such correlation studies are costly, methodologically troublesome, and suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Leshem Choshen , Omri Abend

Unlike classical lexical overlap metrics such as BLEU, most current evaluation metrics (such as BERTScore or MoverScore) are based on black-box language models such as BERT or XLM-R. They often achieve strong correlations with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Christoph Leiter , Piyawat Lertvittayakumjorn , Marina Fomicheva , Wei Zhao , Yang Gao , Steffen Eger

Current IR evaluation is based on relevance judgments, created either manually or automatically, with decisions outsourced to Large Language Models (LLMs). We offer an alternative paradigm, that never relies on relevance judgments in any…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz