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We study Bayesian approaches to causal inference via propensity score regression. Much of the Bayesian literature on propensity score methods have relied on approaches that cannot be viewed as fully Bayesian in the context of conventional…

Generalized linear models are often assumed to fit propensity scores, which are used to compute inverse probability weighted (IPW) estimators. In order to derive the asymptotic properties of IPW estimators, the propensity score is supposed…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-25 Julieta Molina , Mariela Sued , Marina Valdora

When examining a contrast between two interventions, longitudinal causal inference studies frequently encounter positivity violations when one or both regimes are impossible to observe for some subjects. Existing weighting methods either…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-11 Alec McClean , Iván Díaz

We give a finite-sample analysis of predictive inference procedures after model selection in regression with random design. The analysis is focused on a statistically challenging scenario where the number of potentially important…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-08-26 Hannes Leeb

A predictive model makes outcome predictions based on some given features, i.e., it estimates the conditional probability of the outcome given a feature vector. In general, a predictive model cannot estimate the causal effect of a feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Ziqi Xu , Ha Xuan Tran , Thuc Duy Le , Jixue Liu

Propensity score methods have been shown to be powerful in obtaining efficient estimators of average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data, especially under the existence of confounding factors. When estimating, deciding which type…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-14 Kangjie Zhou , Jinzhu Jia

Predictive models are often introduced to decision-making tasks under the rationale that they improve performance over an existing decision-making policy. However, it is challenging to compare predictive performance against an existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Luke Guerdan , Amanda Coston , Kenneth Holstein , Zhiwei Steven Wu

In observational studies, the recorded treatment assignment is not purely random, but it is influenced by external factors such as patient characteristics, reimbursement policies, and existing guidelines. Therefore, the treatment effect can…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-02 Sara Poletto , Enrico Longato , Erica Tavazzi , Martina Vettoretti

Accurate calibration of probabilistic predictive models learned is critical for many practical prediction and decision-making tasks. There are two main categories of methods for building calibrated classifiers. One approach is to develop…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-01-16 Mahdi Pakdaman Naeini , Gregory F. Cooper , Milos Hauskrecht

A reliable deep learning system should be able to accurately express its confidence with respect to its predictions, a quality known as calibration. One of the most effective ways to produce reliable confidence estimates with a pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Thomas P. Zollo , Zhun Deng , Jake C. Snell , Toniann Pitassi , Richard Zemel

We propose a one-to-many matching estimator of the average treatment effect based on propensity scores estimated by isotonic regression. This approach is predicated on the assumption of monotonicity in the propensity score function, a…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-27 Mengshan Xu , Taisuke Otsu

This paper explores the calibration of a classifier output score in binary classification problems. A calibrator is a function that maps the arbitrary classifier score, of a testing observation, onto $[0,1]$ to provide an estimate for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Waleed A. Yousef , Issa Traore , William Briguglio

The assessment of binary classifier performance traditionally centers on discriminative ability using metrics, such as accuracy. However, these metrics often disregard the model's inherent uncertainty, especially when dealing with sensitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Agathe Fernandes Machado , Arthur Charpentier , Emmanuel Flachaire , Ewen Gallic , François Hu

Post-hoc calibration methods are widely used to improve the reliability of probabilistic predictions from machine learning models. Despite their prevalence, a comprehensive theoretical understanding of these methods remains elusive,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Kristina P. Sinaga , Arjun S. Nair

Data analysis based on information from several sources is common in economic and biomedical studies. This setting is often referred to as the data fusion problem, which differs from traditional missing data problems since no complete data…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-07 Wei Li , Shanshan Luo , Wangli Xu

A popular methodology for building binary decision-making classifiers in the presence of imperfect information is to first construct a non-binary "scoring" classifier that is calibrated over all protected groups, and then to post-process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Ran Canetti , Aloni Cohen , Nishanth Dikkala , Govind Ramnarayan , Sarah Scheffler , Adam Smith

In situations where forecasters are scored on the quality of their probabilistic predictions, it is standard to use `proper' scoring rules to perform such scoring. These rules are desirable because they give forecasters no incentive to lie…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-25 Spencer Greenberg

The propensity score is widely used for causal inference in observational studies, but common parametric estimators can produce biased and inefficient effect estimates when model assumptions are violated. Nonparametric approaches reduce…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-09 Maosen Peng , Yan Li , Chong Wu , Liang Li

The pervasive use of prevalent cohort studies on disease duration, increasingly calls for appropriate methodologies to account for the biases that invariably accompany samples formed by such data. It is well-known, for example, that…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-11-07 Ashkan Ertefaie , Masoud Asgharian , David Stephens

Most supervised machine learning tasks are subject to irreducible prediction errors. Probabilistic predictive models address this limitation by providing probability distributions that represent a belief over plausible targets, rather than…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-25 David Widmann , Fredrik Lindsten , Dave Zachariah