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In order to bring quantum networks into the real world, we would like to determine the requirements of quantum network protocols including the underlying quantum hardware. Because detailed architecture proposals are generally too complex…

We present and analyse an architecture for a European-scale quantum network using satellite links to connect Quantum Cities, which are metropolitan quantum networks with minimal hardware requirements for the end users. Using NetSquid, a…

Complex quantum networks are not only hard to establish, but also difficult to simulate due to the exponentially growing state space and noise-induced imperfections. In this work, we propose an alternative approach that leverage quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Ferran Riera-Sàbat , Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Wolfgang Dür

Quantum network research, is exploring new networking protocols, physics-based hardware and novel experiments to demonstrate how quantum distribution will work over large distances. Current work explores much of these concepts in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-23 Oceane Bel , Mariam Kiran

Quantum network protocol development is crucial to realizing a production-grade network that can support distributed sensing, secure communication, and utility-scale quantum computation. However, the transition from laboratory demonstration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Robert J. Hayek , Joaquin Chung , Rajkumar Kettimuthu

The realization of the Quantum Internet promises transformative capabilities in secure communication, distributed quantum computing, and high-precision metrology. However, transitioning from laboratory experiments to a scalable,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Athanasios Gkelias , Felix T. A. Burt , Kin K. Leung

Quantum network simulation is an essential step towards developing applications for quantum networks and determining minimal requirements for the network hardware. As it is with classical networking, a simulation ecosystem allows for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Stephen DiAdamo , Francesco Vista

The quantum internet is envisioned as the ultimate stage of the quantum revolution, which surpasses its classical counterpart in various aspects, such as the efficiency of data transmission, the security of network services, and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Kun Fang , Jingtian Zhao , Xiufan Li , Yifei Li , Runyao Duan

We investigate the hardware requirements for quantum teleportation in an intercity-scale network topology consisting of two metropolitan-scale networks connected via a long-distance backbone link. Specifically, we identify the minimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Soubhadra Maiti , Guus Avis , Sounak Kar , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum networks will enable the implementation of communication tasks with qualitative advantages with respect to the communication networks we know today. While it is expected that the first demonstrations of small scale quantum networks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-10 Koji Azuma , Stefan Bäuml , Tim Coopmans , David Elkouss , Boxi Li

As quantum internet technologies develop, the need for simulation software and education for quantum internet rises. QuNetSim aims to fill this need. QuNetSim is a Python software framework that can be used to simulate quantum networks up…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-13 Stephen DiAdamo , Janis Nötzel , Benjamin Zanger , Mehmet Mert Beşe

Quantum network protocols offer new functionalities such as enhanced security to communication and computational systems. Despite the rapid progress in quantum hardware, it has not yet reached a level of maturity that enables execution of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-19 Chin-Te Liao , Sima Bahrani , Francisco Ferreira da Silva , Elham Kashefi

We present an event-driven simulation package called QuISP for large-scale quantum networks built on top of the OMNeT++ discrete event simulation framework. Although the behavior of quantum networking devices have been revealed by recent…

We propose network benchmarking: a procedure to efficiently benchmark the quality of a quantum network link connecting quantum processors in a quantum network. This procedure is based on the standard randomized benchmarking protocol and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-02 Jonas Helsen , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum networks are advancing the information technology infrastructure of society. Simulation and emulation software tools have emerged to support the design, development, and deployment of quantum networks, however, classical simulation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Brian Doolittle , Michael Cubeddu

The Quantum Internet would likely be composed of diverse qubit technologies that interact through a heterogeneous quantum network. Thus, quantum transduction has been identified as a key enabler of the Quantum Internet. To better study…

Quantum network simulators offer the opportunity to cost-efficiently investigate potential avenues to building networks that scale with the number of users, communication distance, and application demands by simulating alternative hardware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Xiaoliang Wu , Alexander Kolar , Joaquin Chung , Dong Jin , Rajkumar Kettimuthu , Martin Suchara

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables secure key exchanges between two remote users. The ultimate goal of secure communication is to establish a global quantum network. The existing field tests suggest that quantum networks are feasible.…

The intense growth of quantum computation and communication allows the development of advanced solutions and services. Networked quantum services are provided for the users via quantum computers and quantum networking. Here, we review the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-30 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Quantum communication has seen rapid progress towards practical large-scale networks, with quantum key distribution (QKD) spearheading this development. While fibre based systems have been shown to be well suited for metropolitan scales,…

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