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This paper continues the analysis of the pattern-avoiding sorting machines recently introduced by Cerbai, Claesson and Ferrari [CCF]. These devices consist of two stacks, through which a permutation is passed in order to sort it, where the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Giulio Cerbai , Anders Claesson , Luca Ferrari , Einar Steingrímsson

We show that any permutation of ${1,2,...,N}$ can be written as the product of two involutions. As a consequence, any permutation of the elements of an array can be performed in-place in parallel in time O(1). In the case where the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Qingxuan Yang , John Ellis , Khalegh Mamakani , Frank Ruskey

Smart city research envisions a future in which data-driven solutions and sustainable infrastructure work together to define urban living at the crossroads of urbanization and technology. Within this framework, smart parking systems play an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Prachi Nandi , Sonakshi Satapathy , Suchismita Chinara

A long-standing question is what invariant sets can be shared by two maps acting on the same space. A similar question stands for invariant measures. A particular interesting case are expanding Markov maps of the circle. If the two involved…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-11-04 Georgios Lamprinakis

An infinite permutation $\alpha$ is a linear ordering of $\mathbb N$. We study properties of infinite permutations analogous to those of infinite words, and show some resemblances and some differences between permutations and words. In this…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-09-29 Anna Frid , Luca Zamboni

We consider the avoidance of patterns in inversion sequences that relate sorting via sorting machines including data structures such as pop stacks and stacks. Such machines have been studied under a variety of additional constraints and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-12 Toufik Mansour , Howard Skogman , Rebecca Smith

We introduce a new sorting device for permutations which makes use of a pop stack augmented with a bypass operation. This results in a sorting machine, which is more powerful than the usual Popstacksort algorithm and seems to have never…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Lapo Cioni , Luca Ferrari , Rebecca Smith

Dokos et. al. studied the distribution of two statistics over permutations $\mathfrak{S}_n$ of $\{1,2,\dots, n\}$ that avoid one or more length three patterns. A permutation $\sigma\in\mathfrak{S}_n$ contains a pattern…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-26 Samantha Dahlberg

In this paper, we explore parking distributions on caterpillar trees, focusing on two primary statistics: the number of lucky cars and the frequency with which cars prefer specific parking spaces. We use first-return decomposition to reveal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Amanuel T. Getachew

A defective $(m,n)$-parking function with defect $d$ is a parking function with $m$ cars attempting to park on a street with $n$ parking spots in which exactly $d$ cars fail to park. We establish a way to compute the defect of a defective…

We introduce an algorithm to determine when a sorting operation, such as stack-sort or bubble-sort, outputs a given pattern. The algorithm provides a new proof of the description of West-2-stack-sortable permutations, that is permutations…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-03-13 Anders Claesson , Henning Úlfarsson

Park-and-ride facilities are car parks where users can transfer to public transportation. Commuters can use P&R facilities or choose to travel by car to their destinations, and individual choice behavior is assumed to follow a logit model.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-23 Sang Hyun Kim , Sangho Shim

Intrinsic location functional is a large class of random locations containing locations that one may encounter in many cases, e.g., the location of the path supremum/infimum over a given interval, the first/last hitting time, etc. It has…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-12-09 Yi Shen

In an exercise in the first volume of his famous series of books, Knuth considered sorting permutations by passing them through a stack. Many variations of this exercise have since been considered, including allowing multiple passes through…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-04 Anders Claesson , Bjarki Ágúst Guðmundsson

We consider two variations of the discrete car parking problem where at every vertex of the integers a car arrives with rate one, now allowing for parking in two lines. a) The car parks in the first line whenever the vertex and all of its…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 S. R. Fleurke , C. Kuelske

In 1980, Edelman defined a poset on objects called the noncrossing 2-partitions. They are closely related with noncrossing partitions and parking functions. To some extent, his definition is a precursor of the parking space theory, in the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Bérénice Delcroix-Oger , Matthieu Josuat-Vergès , Lucas Randazzo

Selecting N random points in a unit square corresponds to selecting a random permutation. By putting 5 types of symmetry restrictions on the points, we obtain subsets of permutations : involutions, signed permutations and signed…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Jinho Baik , Eric M. Rains

We illustrate the experimental, empirical, approach to mathematics (that contrary to popular belief, is often rigorous), by using parking functions and their "area" statistic, as a case study. Our methods are purely finitistic and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Yukun Yao , Doron Zeilberger

Our goal is to show that the standard model-theoretic concept of types can be applied in the study of order-invariant properties, i.e., properties definable in a logic in the presence of an auxiliary order relation, but not actually…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Pablo Barcelo , Leonid Libkin

We study the asymptotic behavior of cycles of uniformly random parking functions. Our results are multifold: we obtain an explicit formula for the number of parking functions with a prescribed number of cyclic points and show that the…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-25 J. E. Paguyo , Mei Yin