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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have become a powerful tool for integrating visual and textual information. Despite their exceptional performance on visual understanding benchmarks, measuring their ability to reason abstractly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Nilay Yilmaz , Maitreya Patel , Yiran Lawrence Luo , Tejas Gokhale , Chitta Baral , Suren Jayasuriya , Yezhou Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's o1 and DeepSeek's R1, excel at advanced reasoning tasks like math and coding via Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), but still struggle with puzzles solvable by humans…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jiangjie Chen , Qianyu He , Siyu Yuan , Aili Chen , Zhicheng Cai , Weinan Dai , Hongli Yu , Qiying Yu , Xuefeng Li , Jiaze Chen , Hao Zhou , Mingxuan Wang

The unprecedented performance of large language models (LLMs) necessitates improvements in evaluations. Rather than merely exploring the breadth of LLM abilities, we believe meticulous and thoughtful designs are essential to thorough,…

Existing approaches to mathematical reasoning with large language models (LLMs) rely on Chain-of-Thought (CoT) for generalizability or Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) for precise computation. While efforts have been made to combine these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Xin Xu , Yan Xu , Tianhao Chen , Yuchen Yan , Chengwu Liu , Zaoyu Chen , Yufei Wang , Yichun Yin , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Lu Yin

Reasoning about time is essential for Large Language Models (LLMs) to understand the world. Previous works focus on solving specific tasks, primarily on time-sensitive question answering. While these methods have proven effective, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Zhaochen Su , Jun Zhang , Tong Zhu , Xiaoye Qu , Juntao Li , Min Zhang , Yu Cheng

Machine reading is a fundamental task for testing the capability of natural language understanding, which is closely related to human cognition in many aspects. With the rising of deep learning techniques, algorithmic models rival human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Jian Liu , Leyang Cui , Hanmeng Liu , Dandan Huang , Yile Wang , Yue Zhang

In this paper, we introduce PolyMath, a multilingual mathematical reasoning benchmark covering 18 languages and 4 easy-to-hard difficulty levels. Our benchmark ensures difficulty comprehensiveness, language diversity, and high-quality…

An essential element of human mathematical reasoning is our number sense -- an abstract understanding of numbers and their relationships -- which allows us to solve problems involving vast number spaces using limited computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Roussel Rahman

The rapid advancement of large reasoning models has saturated existing math benchmarks, underscoring the urgent need for more challenging evaluation frameworks. To address this, we introduce OlymMATH, a rigorously curated, Olympiad-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Haoxiang Sun , Yingqian Min , Zhipeng Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Test-time scaling has enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) with remarkable reasoning capabilities, particularly in mathematical domains, through intermediate chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning before generating final answers. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Binxin Gao , Jingjun Han

Large language models (LLMs) can solve an increasing number of complex reasoning tasks while making surprising mistakes in basic numerical understanding and processing (such as 9.11 > 9.9). The latter ability is essential for tackling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Haotong Yang , Yi Hu , Shijia Kang , Zhouchen Lin , Muhan Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved high accuracy on complex commonsense and mathematical problems that involve the composition of multiple reasoning steps. However, current compositional benchmarks testing these skills tend to focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lisa Alazraki , Lihu Chen , Ana Brassard , Joe Stacey , Hossein A. Rahmani , Marek Rei

Large language models (LLMs) with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting achieve strong reasoning but often produce unnecessarily long explanations, increasing cost and sometimes reducing accuracy. Fair comparison of efficiency-oriented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Junquan Huang , Haotian Wu , Yubo Gao , Yibo Yan , Junyan Zhang , Yonghua Hei , Song Dai , Jie Zhang , Puay Siew Tan , Xuming Hu

Argument mining is a subfield of argumentation that aims to automatically extract argumentative structures and their relations from natural language texts. This paper investigates how a single large language model can be leveraged to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Henri Savigny , Bruno Yun

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized in AI-driven educational instruction and assessment, particularly within mathematics education. The capability of LLMs to generate accurate answers and detailed solutions for math…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Liang Zhang , Edith Aurora Graf

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be capable of impressive few-shot generalisation to new tasks. However, they still tend to perform poorly on multi-step logical reasoning problems. Here we carry out a comprehensive evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Antonia Creswell , Murray Shanahan , Irina Higgins

The ability to precisely derive mathematical objects is a core requirement for downstream STEM applications, including mathematics, physics, and chemistry, where reasoning must culminate in formally structured expressions. Yet, current LM…

Recent advancements of large language models (LLMs) have led to claims of AI surpassing humans in natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as textual understanding and reasoning. This work investigates these assertions by introducing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Maharshi Gor , Hal Daumé , Tianyi Zhou , Jordan Boyd-Graber

To date, there exist almost no culturally-specific evaluation benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) that cover a large number of languages and cultures. In this paper, we present Global PIQA, a participatory commonsense reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Tyler A. Chang , Catherine Arnett , Abdelrahman Eldesokey , Abdelrahman Sadallah , Abeer Kashar , Abolade Daud , Abosede Grace Olanihun , Adamu Labaran Mohammed , Adeyemi Praise , Adhikarinayum Meerajita Sharma , Aditi Gupta , Afitab Iyigun , Afonso Simplício , Ahmed Essouaied , Aicha Chorana , Akhil Eppa , Akintunde Oladipo , Akshay Ramesh , Aleksei Dorkin , Alfred Malengo Kondoro , Alham Fikri Aji , Ali Eren Çetintaş , Allan Hanbury , Alou Dembele , Alp Niksarli , Álvaro Arroyo , Amin Bajand , Amol Khanna , Ana Chkhaidze , Ana Condez , Andiswa Mkhonto , Andrew Hoblitzell , Andrew Tran , Angelos Poulis , Anirban Majumder , Anna Vacalopoulou , Annette Kuuipolani Kanahele Wong , Annika Simonsen , Anton Kovalev , Ashvanth. S , Ayodeji Joseph Lana , Barkin Kinay , Bashar Alhafni , Benedict Cibalinda Busole , Bernard Ghanem , Bharti Nathani , Biljana Stojanovska Đurić , Bola Agbonile , Bragi Bergsson , Bruce Torres Fischer , Burak Tutar , Burcu Alakuş Çınar , Cade J. Kanoniakapueo Kane , Can Udomcharoenchaikit , Catherine Arnett , Chadi Helwe , Chaithra Reddy Nerella , Chen Cecilia Liu , Chiamaka Glory Nwokolo , Cristina España-Bonet , Cynthia Amol , DaeYeop Lee , Dana Arad , Daniil Dzenhaliou , Daria Pugacheva , Dasol Choi , Daud Abolade , David Liu , David Semedo , Deborah Popoola , Deividas Mataciunas , Delphine Nyaboke , Dhyuthy Krishna Kumar , Diogo Glória-Silva , Diogo Tavares , Divyanshu Goyal , DongGeon Lee , Ebele Nwamaka Anajemba , Egonu Ngozi Grace , Elena Mickel , Elena Tutubalina , Elias Herranen , Emile Anand , Emmanuel Habumuremyi , Emuobonuvie Maria Ajiboye , Eryawan Presma Yulianrifat , Esther Adenuga , Ewa Rudnicka , Faith Olabisi Itiola , Faran Taimoor Butt , Fathima Thekkekara , Fatima Haouari , Filbert Aurelian Tjiaranata , Firas Laakom , Francesca Grasso , Francesco Orabona , Francesco Periti , Gbenga Kayode Solomon , Gia Nghia Ngo , Gloria Udhehdhe-oze , Gonçalo Martins , Gopi Naga Sai Ram Challagolla , Guijin Son , Gulnaz Abdykadyrova , Hafsteinn Einarsson , Hai Hu , Hamidreza Saffari , Hamza Zaidi , Haopeng Zhang , Harethah Abu Shairah , Harry Vuong , Hele-Andra Kuulmets , Houda Bouamor , Hwanjo Yu , Iben Nyholm Debess , İbrahim Ethem Deveci , Ikhlasul Akmal Hanif , Ikhyun Cho , Inês Calvo , Inês Vieira , Isaac Manzi , Ismail Daud , Itay Itzhak , Iuliia , Alekseenko , Ivan Belashkin , Ivan Spada , Ivan Zhelyazkov , Jacob Brinton , Jafar Isbarov , Jaka Čibej , Jan Čuhel , Jan Kocoń , Jauza Akbar Krito , Jebish Purbey , Jennifer Mickel , Jennifer Za , Jenny Kunz , Jihae Jeong , Jimena Tena Dávalos , Jinu Lee , João Magalhães , John Yi , Jongin Kim , Joseph Chataignon , Joseph Marvin Imperial , Jubeerathan Thevakumar , Judith Land , Junchen Jiang , Jungwhan Kim , Kairit Sirts , Kamesh R , Kamesh V , Kanda Patrick Tshinu , Kätriin Kukk , Kaustubh Ponkshe , Kavsar Huseynova , Ke He , Kelly Buchanan , Kengatharaiyer Sarveswaran , Kerem Zaman , Khalil Mrini , Kian Kyars , Krister Kruusmaa , Kusum Chouhan , Lainitha Krishnakumar , Laura Castro Sánchez , Laura Porrino Moscoso , Leshem Choshen , Levent Sencan , Lilja Øvrelid , Lisa Alazraki , Lovina Ehimen-Ugbede , Luheerathan Thevakumar , Luxshan Thavarasa , Mahnoor Malik , Mamadou K. Keita , Mansi Jangid , Marco De Santis , Marcos García , Marek Suppa , Mariam D'Ciofalo , Marii Ojastu , Maryam Sikander , Mausami Narayan , Maximos Skandalis , Mehak Mehak , Mehmet İlteriş Bozkurt , Melaku Bayu Workie , Menan Velayuthan , Michael Leventhal , Michał Marcińczuk , Mirna Potočnjak , Mohammadamin Shafiei , Mridul Sharma , Mrityunjaya Indoria , Muhammad Ravi Shulthan Habibi , Murat Kolić , Nada Galant , Naphat Permpredanun , Narada Maugin , Nicholas Kluge Corrêa , Nikola Ljubešić , Nirmal Thomas , Nisansa de Silva , Nisheeth Joshi , Nitish Ponkshe , Nizar Habash , Nneoma C. Udeze , Noel Thomas , Noémi Ligeti-Nagy , Nouhoum Coulibaly , Nsengiyumva Faustin , Odunayo Kareemat Buliaminu , Odunayo Ogundepo , Oghojafor Godswill Fejiro , Ogundipe Blessing Funmilola , Okechukwu God'spraise , Olanrewaju Samuel , Olaoye Deborah Oluwaseun , Olasoji Akindejoye , Olga Popova , Olga Snissarenko , Onyinye Anulika Chiemezie , Orkun Kinay , Osman Tursun , Owoeye Tobiloba Moses , Oyelade Oluwafemi Joshua , Oyesanmi Fiyinfoluwa , Pablo Gamallo , Pablo Rodríguez Fernández , Palak Arora , Pedro Valente , Peter Rupnik , Philip Oghenesuowho Ekiugbo , Pramit Sahoo , Prokopis Prokopidis , Pua Niau-Puhipau , Quadri Yahya , Rachele Mignone , Raghav Singhal , Ram Mohan Rao Kadiyala , Raphael Merx , Rapheal Afolayan , Ratnavel Rajalakshmi , Rishav Ghosh , Romina Oji , Ron Kekeha Solis , Rui Guerra , Rushikesh Zawar , Sa'ad Nasir Bashir , Saeed Alzaabi , Sahil Sandeep , Sai Pavan Batchu , SaiSandeep Kantareddy , Salsabila Zahirah Pranida , Sam Buchanan , Samuel Rutunda , Sander Land , Sarah Sulollari , Sardar Ali , Saroj Sapkota , Saulius Tautvaisas , Sayambhu Sen , Sayantani Banerjee , Sebastien Diarra , SenthilNathan. M , Sewoong Lee , Shaan Shah , Shankar Venkitachalam , Sharifa Djurabaeva , Sharon Ibejih , Shivanya Shomir Dutta , Siddhant Gupta , Silvia Paniagua Suárez , Sina Ahmadi , Sivasuthan Sukumar , Siyuan Song , Snegha A. , Sokratis Sofianopoulos , Sona Elza Simon , Sonja Benčina , Sophie Gvasalia , Sphurti Kirit More , Spyros Dragazis , Stephan P. Kaufhold , Suba. S , Sultan AlRashed , Surangika Ranathunga , Taiga Someya , Taja Kuzman Pungeršek , Tal Haklay , Tasi'u Jibril , Tatsuya Aoyama , Tea Abashidze , Terenz Jomar Dela Cruz , Terra Blevins , Themistoklis Nikas , Theresa Dora Idoko , Thu Mai Do , Tilek Chubakov , Tommaso Gargiani , Uma Rathore , Uni Johannesen , Uwuma Doris Ugwu , Vallerie Alexandra Putra , Vanya Bannihatti Kumar , Varsha Jeyarajalingam , Varvara Arzt , Vasudevan Nedumpozhimana , Viktoria Ondrejova , Viktoryia Horbik , Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Kummitha , Vuk Dinić , Walelign Tewabe Sewunetie , Winston Wu , Xiaojing Zhao , Yacouba Diarra , Yaniv Nikankin , Yash Mathur , Yixi Chen , Yiyuan Li , Yolanda Xavier , Yonatan Belinkov , Yusuf Ismail Abayomi , Zaid Alyafeai , Zhengyang Shan , Zhi Rui Tam , Zilu Tang , Zuzana Nadova , Baber Abbasi , Stella Biderman , David Stap , Duygu Ataman , Fabian Schmidt , Hila Gonen , Jiayi Wang , David Ifeoluwa Adelani

Recent advancements in large language models have led to significant improvements across various tasks, including mathematical reasoning, which is used to assess models' intelligence in logical reasoning and problem-solving. Models are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Erez Yosef , Oron Anschel , Shunit Haviv Hakimi , Asaf Gendler , Adam Botach , Nimrod Berman , Igor Kviatkovsky