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As artificial intelligence (AI) models quickly spread and become more advanced, they are requiring an ever-increasing amount of data and compute capability, leading to a significant energy cost. Training and inference of AI models including…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anirudh Shankar , Avhishek Chatterjee , Anjan Chakravorty

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

Autonomic computing investigates how systems can achieve (user) specified control outcomes on their own, without the intervention of a human operator. Autonomic computing fundamentals have been substantially influenced by those of control…

Energy is now a first-class design constraint along with performance in all computing settings. Energy predictive modelling based on performance monitoring counts (PMCs) is the leading method used for prediction of energy consumption during…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Arsalan Shahid , Muhammad Fahad , Ravi Reddy Manumachu , Alexey Lastovetsky

The computation demand for machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly recently, which comes with a number of costs. Estimating the energy cost helps measure its environmental impact and finding greener strategies, yet it is challenging without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 David Patterson , Joseph Gonzalez , Quoc Le , Chen Liang , Lluis-Miquel Munguia , Daniel Rothchild , David So , Maud Texier , Jeff Dean

As AI-driven computing infrastructures rapidly scale, discussions around data center design often emphasize energy consumption, water and electricity usage, workload scheduling, and thermal management. However, these perspectives often…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Yuzhuo Li , Yunwei Li

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved significant advancements in technology and research with the development over several decades, and is widely used in many areas including computing vision, natural language processing, time-series…

Significant investments to upgrade and construct large-scale scientific facilities demand commensurate investments in R&D to design algorithms and computing approaches to enable scientific and engineering breakthroughs in the big data era.…

As the adoption of Generative AI in real-world services grow explosively, energy has emerged as a critical bottleneck resource. However, energy remains a metric that is often overlooked, under-explored, or poorly understood in the context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Jae-Won Chung , Jeff J. Ma , Ruofan Wu , Jiachen Liu , Oh Jun Kweon , Yuxuan Xia , Zhiyu Wu , Mosharaf Chowdhury

Energy-efficiency is a key concern for neural network applications. To alleviate this issue, hardware acceleration using FPGAs or GPUs can provide better energy-efficiency than general-purpose processors. However, further improvement of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Seyed Morteza Nabavinejad , Behzad Salami

The growing energy demands of HPC systems have made energy efficiency a critical concern for system developers and operators. However, HPC users are generally less aware of how these energy concerns influence the design, deployment, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Estela Suarez , Jorge Amaya , Martin Frank , Oliver Freyermuth , Maria Girone , Bartosz Kostrzewa , Susanne Pfalzner

Barroso's seminal contributions in energy-proportional warehouse-scale computing launched an era where modern datacenters have become more energy efficient and cost effective than ever before. At the same time, modern AI applications have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Carole-Jean Wu , Bilge Acun , Ramya Raghavendra , Kim Hazelwood

The growing adoption of Deep Learning (DL) applications in the Internet of Things has increased the demand for energy-efficient accelerators. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) offer a promising platform for such acceleration due to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Chao Qian

This paper presents an analysis of the fundamental limits on energy efficiency in both digital and analog in-memory computing architectures, and compares their performance to single instruction, single data (scalar) machines specifically in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Patrick Bowen , Guy Regev , Nir Regev , Bruno Pedroni , Edward Hanson , Yiran Chen

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) is driving an unprecedented increase in the electricity demand of AI data centers, raising emerging challenges for electric power grids. Understanding the characteristics of AI data center…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Xin Chen , Xiaoyang Wang , Ana Colacelli , Matt Lee , Le Xie

With the growing availability of large-scale datasets, and the popularization of affordable storage and computational capabilities, the energy consumed by AI is becoming a growing concern. To address this issue, in recent years, studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Roberto Verdecchia , Luís Cruz , June Sallou , Michelle Lin , James Wickenden , Estelle Hotellier

The evaluation of Deep Learning models has traditionally focused on criteria such as accuracy, F1 score, and related measures. The increasing availability of high computational power environments allows the creation of deeper and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Yinlena Xu , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Matias Martinez , Xavier Franch

As power management has become a primary concern in modern data centers, computing resources are being scaled dynamically to minimize energy consumption. We initiate the study of a variant of the classic online speed scaling problem, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Étienne Bamas , Andreas Maggiori , Lars Rohwedder , Ola Svensson

In the field of algorithms and data structures analysis and design, most of the researchers focus only on the space/time trade-off, and little attention has been paid to energy consumption. Moreover, most of the efforts in the field of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-22 José Fuentes-Sepúlveda , Susana Ladra

Industrial domains such as automotive, robotics, and aerospace are rapidly evolving to satisfy the increasing demand for machine-learning-driven Autonomy, Connectivity, Electrification, and Shared mobility (ACES). This paradigm shift…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Thomas Benz