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Transformer-based deep learning models have achieved state-of-the-art performance across numerous language and vision tasks. While the self-attention mechanism, a core component of transformers, has proven capable of handling complex data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Laziz Abdullaev , Tan M. Nguyen

While Transformer architecture excel at modeling long-range dependencies contributing to its widespread adoption in vision tasks the quadratic complexity of softmax-based attention mechanisms imposes a major bottleneck, particularly when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuan Cao , Dong Wang

The self-attention mechanism has been a key factor in the advancement of vision Transformers. However, its quadratic complexity imposes a heavy computational burden in high-resolution scenarios, restricting the practical application.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Dongchen Han , Tianyu Li , Ziyi Wang , Gao Huang

Efficiently supporting long context length is crucial for Transformer models. The quadratic complexity of the self-attention computation plagues traditional Transformers. Sliding window-based static sparse attention mitigates the problem by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zhenyu Bai , Pranav Dangi , Huize Li , Tulika Mitra

In this work, we conduct a systematic analysis of Native Sparse Attention (NSA) and propose targeted improvements that enhance long-context modeling. A key insight is that alternating between local (sliding-window) and global (compression,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yuxuan Hu , Jianchao Tan , Jiaqi Zhang , Wen Zan , Pingwei Sun , Yifan Lu , Yerui Sun , Yuchen Xie , Xunliang Cai , Jing Zhang

Transformer is leading a trend in the field of image processing. Despite the great success that existing lightweight image processing transformers have achieved, they are tailored to FLOPs or parameters reduction, rather than practical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Junbo Qiao , Wei Li , Haizhen Xie , Hanting Chen , Yunshuai Zhou , Zhijun Tu , Jie Hu , Shaohui Lin

Vision Transformer(ViT) is now dominating many vision tasks. The drawback of quadratic complexity of its token-wise multi-head self-attention (MHSA), is extensively addressed via either token sparsification or dimension reduction (in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Haiyang Xu , Zhichao Zhou , Dongliang He , Fu Li , Jingdong Wang

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have become a universal backbone for both image recognition and image generation. Yet their Multi-Head Self-Attention (MHSA) layer still performs a quadratic query-key interaction for every token pair, spending…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yifan Pu , Jixuan Ying , Qixiu Li , Tianzhu Ye , Dongchen Han , Xiaochen Wang , Ziyi Wang , Xinyu Shao , Gao Huang , Xiu Li

Recently, it has been argued that encoder-decoder models can be made more interpretable by replacing the softmax function in the attention with its sparse variants. In this work, we introduce a novel, simple method for achieving sparsity in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Biao Zhang , Ivan Titov , Rico Sennrich

The attention mechanism is the key to the success of transformers in different machine learning tasks. However, the quadratic complexity with respect to the sequence length of the vanilla softmax-based attention mechanism becomes the major…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Chong Wu , Maolin Che , Renjie Xu , Zhuoheng Ran , Hong Yan

The remarkable success of Vision Transformers in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) has led to a growing interest in incorporating the self-attention mechanism and transformer-based architecture into Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). While…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Xinyu Shi , Zecheng Hao , Zhaofei Yu

Transformers have recently demonstrated strong performance in computer vision, with Vision Transformers (ViTs) leveraging self-attention to capture both low-level and high-level image features. However, standard ViTs remain computationally…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Ali El Bellaj , Mohammed-Amine Cheddadi , Rhassan Berber

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) mainly fall into two architectures, each involving a trade-off between training and inference efficiency: embedding space alignment (e.g., LLaVA-1.5) is inefficient during inference, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Qianhao Yuan , Yanjiang Liu , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

Self-attention has become increasingly popular in a variety of sequence modeling tasks from natural language processing to recommendation, due to its effectiveness. However, self-attention suffers from quadratic computational and memory…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Yongji Wu , Defu Lian , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Lu Yin , Mingyang Yin , Jingren Zhou , Hongxia Yang

Vision transformer has achieved impressive performance for many vision tasks. However, it may suffer from high redundancy in capturing local features for shallow layers. Local self-attention or early-stage convolutions are thus utilized,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Huaibo Huang , Xiaoqiang Zhou , Jie Cao , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

As a de facto solution, the vanilla Vision Transformers (ViTs) are encouraged to model long-range dependencies between arbitrary image patches while the global attended receptive field leads to quadratic computational cost. Another branch…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Jiayu Jiao , Yu-Ming Tang , Kun-Yu Lin , Yipeng Gao , Jinhua Ma , Yaowei Wang , Wei-Shi Zheng

Self-attention-based vision transformers (ViTs) have emerged as a highly competitive architecture in computer vision. Unlike convolutional neural networks (CNNs), ViTs are capable of global information sharing. With the development of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Zhenzhen Chu , Jiayu Chen , Cen Chen , Chengyu Wang , Ziheng Wu , Jun Huang , Weining Qian

Transformers' quadratic computational complexity limits their scalability despite remarkable performance. While linear attention reduces this to linear complexity, pre-training such models from scratch remains, in most cases, prohibitively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Martin Benfeghoul , Teresa Delgado , Adnan Oomerjee , Haitham Bou Ammar , Jun Wang , Zafeirios Fountas

Softmax self-attention often assigns disproportionate weight to semantically uninformative tokens such as special tokens and punctuation, a phenomenon known as attention noise. While recent methods like Cog Attention and the Differential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Ivan Kobyzev , Abbas Ghaddar , Dingtao Hu , Boxing Chen

We introduce exclusive self attention (XSA), a simple modification of self attention (SA) that improves Transformer's sequence modeling performance. The key idea is to constrain attention to capture only information orthogonal to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Shuangfei Zhai
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