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Related papers: Optimistic and Validity Rollups: Analysis and Comp…

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Blockchain solutions typically assume a synchronous network to ensure consistency and achieve consensus. In contrast, offline transaction systems aim to enable users to agree on and execute transactions without assuming bounded…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Nektarios Evangelou , Rowdy Chotkan , Bulat Nasrulin , Jérémie Decouchant

Traditional public blockchain systems typically had very limited transaction throughput because of the bottleneck of the consensus protocol itself. With recent advances in consensus technology, the performance limit has been greatly lifted,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Péter Garamvölgyi , Yuxi Liu , Dong Zhou , Fan Long , Ming Wu

The convergence of blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) enables secure, decentralised, and verifiable data exchange across distributed smart environments. However, traditional blockchain frameworks suffer from inherent scalability…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hasan Mahmud Rhidoy , Mahdi H. Miraz , Iftekhar Salam

Accountability, the ability to provably identify protocol violators, gained prominence as the main economic argument for the security of proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols. Rollups, the most popular scaling solution for blockchains, typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ertem Nusret Tas , John Adler , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Ismail Khoffi , David Tse , Nima Vaziri

Optimistic rollups provide scalable smart-contract execution but remain unsuitable for regulated financial applications due to three structural gaps: semantic legitimacy, cross-layer state consistency, and ordering fairness. We introduce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zhenhang Shang , Yingzhe Yu , Kani Chen

Blockchain technology, with implications in the financial domain, offers data in the form of large-scale transaction networks. Analyzing transaction networks facilitates fraud detection, market analysis, and supports government regulation.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Junliang Luo , Xue Liu

An optimistic rollup (ORU) scales a blockchain's throughput by delegating computation to an untrusted remote chain (L2), refereeing any state claim disagreements between mutually distrusting L2 operators via an interactive dispute…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Zhe Ye , Ujval Misra , Jiajun Cheng , Wenyang Zhou , Dawn Song

Recent advances in the blockchain research have been made in two important directions. One is refined resilience analysis utilizing game theory to study the consequences of selfish behaviors of users (miners), and the other is the extension…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Lin Chen , Lei Xu , Zhimin Gao , Ahmed Sunny , Keshav Kasichainula , Weidong Shi

In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based computing verification protocol, called EntrapNet, for distributed shared computing networks, an emerging underlying network for many internet of things (IoT) applications. EntrapNet borrows the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Chong Li , Lei Zhang , Serbiao Fang

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that ensures transparency, security, and immutability through cryptographic techniques. However, advancements in quantum computing threaten the security of classical cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Nicholas J. C. Papadopoulos

Smart contract (SC) platforms form blocks of transactions into a chain and execute them via user-defined smart contracts. In conventional platforms like Bitcoin and Ethereum, the transactions within a block are executed \emph{sequentially}…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Quan Nguyen , Andre Cronje , Michael Kong

Smart contracts are small programs on the blockchain that often handle valuable assets. Vulnerabilities in smart contracts can be costly, as time has shown over and over again. Countermeasures are high in demand and include best practice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Monika di Angelo , Gernot Salzer

An emerging blockchain protocol design pattern leverages the asymmetry between the computational effort in performing versus verifying tasks. For example, cryptographic validity proofs (e.g., SNARKS) require the prover to expend significant…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maryam Bahrani , Michael Neuder , S. Matthew Weinberg

Today's world is organized based on merit and value. A single global currency that's decentralized is needed for a global economy. Bitcoin is a partial solution to this need, however it suffers from scalability problems which prevent it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Iurii Shyshatsky , Vinod Manoharan , Taras Emelyanenko , Lucas Leger

As known, blockchains are traditionally blind to the real world. This implies the reliance on third parties called oracles when extrinsic data is needed for smart contracts. However, reintroducing trust and single point of failure, oracles…

General Economics · Economics 2021-12-28 Giulio Caldarelli

Public blockchains have spurred the growing popularity of decentralized transactions and smart contracts, but they exhibit limitations on the transaction throughput, storage, and computation. To avoid transaction gridlock, public…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Nikolay Ivanov , Qiben Yan , Qingyang Wang

Current blockchain technologies provide very limited interoperability. Restrictions with regards to asset transfers and data exchange between different blockchains reduce usability and comfort for users, and hinder novel developments within…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Michael Borkowski , Marten Sigwart , Philipp Frauenthaler , Taneli Hukkinen , Stefan Schulte

To address the large amount of energy wasted by blockchains, we propose a decentralized consensus protocol for blockchains in which the computation can be used to search for good approximate solutions to any optimization problem. Our…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Naoki Shibata

Blockchain technology is essential for the digital economy and metaverse, supporting applications from decentralized finance to virtual assets. However, its potential is constrained by the "Blockchain Trilemma," which necessitates balancing…

General Economics · Economics 2025-08-11 Yihang Fu , Mingwei Jing , Jiaolun Zhou , Peilin Wu , Ye Wang , Luyao Zhang , Chuang Hu

The immutability of smart contracts on blockchain platforms like Ethereum promotes security and trustworthiness but presents challenges for updates, bug fixes, or adding new features post-deployment. These limitations can lead to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Ilham Qasse , Isra M. Ali , Nafisa Ahmed , Mohammad Hamdaqa , Björn Þór Jónsson