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Generative models have shown strong generation ability while efficient likelihood estimation is less explored. Energy-based models~(EBMs) define a flexible energy function to parameterize unnormalized densities efficiently but are notorious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Cong Geng , Tian Han , Peng-Tao Jiang , Hao Zhang , Jinwei Chen , Søren Hauberg , Bo Li

Energy-based models (EBMs) exhibit a variety of desirable properties in predictive tasks, such as generality, simplicity and compositionality. However, training EBMs on high-dimensional datasets remains unstable and expensive. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Xiulong Yang , Shihao Ji

Energy-based models (EBMs) are versatile density estimation models that directly parameterize an unnormalized log density. Although very flexible, EBMs lack a specified normalization constant of the model, making the likelihood of the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Louis Grenioux , Éric Moulines , Marylou Gabrié

As point cloud provides a natural and flexible representation usable in myriad applications (e.g., robotics and self-driving cars), the ability to synthesize point clouds for analysis becomes crucial. Recently, Xie et al. propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Yang Ye , Shihao Ji

We present energy-based generative flow networks (EB-GFN), a novel probabilistic modeling algorithm for high-dimensional discrete data. Building upon the theory of generative flow networks (GFlowNets), we model the generation process by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Dinghuai Zhang , Nikolay Malkin , Zhen Liu , Alexandra Volokhova , Aaron Courville , Yoshua Bengio

Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) are known to generate blurry and inconsistent samples. One reason for this is the "prior hole" problem. A prior hole refers to regions that have high probability under the VAE's prior but low probability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Debottam Dutta , Chaitanya Amballa , Zhongweiyang Xu , Yu-Lin Wei , Romit Roy Choudhury

Energy-based models (EBMs) have experienced a resurgence within machine learning in recent years, including as a promising alternative for probabilistic regression. However, energy-based regression requires a proposal distribution to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Martin Danelljan , Thomas B. Schön

In this chapter we provide a thorough overview of the use of energy-based models (EBMs) in the context of inverse imaging problems. EBMs are probability distributions modeled via Gibbs densities $p(x) \propto \exp{-E(x)}$ with an…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-17 Andreas Habring , Martin Holler , Thomas Pock , Martin Zach

We introduce the "Energy-based Generative Adversarial Network" model (EBGAN) which views the discriminator as an energy function that attributes low energies to the regions near the data manifold and higher energies to other regions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-08 Junbo Zhao , Michael Mathieu , Yann LeCun

Retrosynthesis -- the process of identifying a set of reactants to synthesize a target molecule -- is of vital importance to material design and drug discovery. Existing machine learning approaches based on language models and graph neural…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Ruoxi Sun , Hanjun Dai , Li Li , Steven Kearnes , Bo Dai

A common assumption in probabilistic generative models for image generation is that learning the global data distribution suffices to generate novel images via sampling. We investigate the limitation of this core assumption, namely that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Chenqiu Zhao , Anup Basu

Multimodal generative models are crucial for various applications. We propose an approach that combines an expressive energy-based model (EBM) prior with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference in the latent space for multimodal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Shiyu Yuan , Carlo Lipizzi , Tian Han

Learning image classification and image generation using the same set of network parameters is a challenging problem. Recent advanced approaches perform well in one task often exhibit poor performance in the other. This work introduces an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Qiushan Guo , Chuofan Ma , Yi Jiang , Zehuan Yuan , Yizhou Yu , Ping Luo

Energy-based models (EBMs) have recently been successful in representing complex distributions of small images. However, sampling from them requires expensive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) iterations that mix slowly in high dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Zhisheng Xiao , Karsten Kreis , Jan Kautz , Arash Vahdat

Exponential random graph models (ERGMs) are a widely used framework for network data, enabling hypothesis testing on the structural mechanisms underlying observed networks. Bayesian ERGMs provide principled uncertainty quantification and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-26 Alberto Caimo , Isabella Gollini

Energy-based models (EBMs) offer a flexible framework for parameterizing probability distributions using neural networks. However, learning EBMs by exact maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is generally intractable, due to the need to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Michael E. Sander , Vincent Roulet , Tianlin Liu , Mathieu Blondel

In this paper, we focus on the problem of integrating Energy-based Models (EBM) as guiding priors for motion optimization. EBMs are a set of neural networks that can represent expressive probability density distributions in terms of a Gibbs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Julen Urain , An T. Le , Alexander Lambert , Georgia Chalvatzaki , Byron Boots , Jan Peters

With the advent of score-matching techniques for model training and Langevin dynamics for sample generation, energy-based models (EBMs) have gained renewed interest as generative models. Recent EBMs usually use neural networks to define…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Yukun Li , Li-Ping Liu

In this paper, we study deep generative models for effective unsupervised learning. We propose VGAN, which works by minimizing a variational lower bound of the negative log likelihood (NLL) of an energy based model (EBM), where the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Shuangfei Zhai , Yu Cheng , Rogerio Feris , Zhongfei Zhang

In this paper, we present a general method that can improve the sample quality of pre-trained likelihood based generative models. Our method constructs an energy function on the latent variable space that yields an energy function on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Zhisheng Xiao , Qing Yan , Yali Amit