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The task of image captioning has recently been gaining popularity, and with it the complex task of evaluating the quality of image captioning models. In this work, we present the first survey and taxonomy of over 70 different image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Uri Berger , Gabriel Stanovsky , Omri Abend , Lea Frermann

The Automated Audio Captioning (AAC) task asks models to generate natural language descriptions of an audio input. Evaluating these machine-generated audio captions is a complex task that requires considering diverse factors, among them,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Tsung-Han Wu , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Trevor Darrell , David M. Chan

This study presents a machine learning framework for assessing similarity between audio content and predicting sentiment score. We construct a dataset containing audio samples from music covers on YouTube along with the audio of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Aris J. Aristorenas

We present the first approach to automated audio captioning. We employ an encoder-decoder scheme with an alignment model in between. The input to the encoder is a sequence of log mel-band energies calculated from an audio file, while the…

Sound · Computer Science 2017-10-25 Konstantinos Drossos , Sharath Adavanne , Tuomas Virtanen

Traditional automated metrics for evaluating conditional natural language generation use pairwise comparisons between a single generated text and the best-matching gold-standard ground truth text. When multiple ground truths are available,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-30 David M Chan , Yiming Ni , David A Ross , Sudheendra Vijayanarasimhan , Austin Myers , John Canny

Psychoacoustical so-called "timbre spaces" map perceptual similarity ratings of instrument sounds onto low-dimensional embeddings via multidimensional scaling, but suffer from scalability issues and are incapable of generalization. Recent…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Haokun Tian , Stefan Lattner , Charalampos Saitis

This article presents a measure of semantic similarity in an IS-A taxonomy based on the notion of shared information content. Experimental evaluation against a benchmark set of human similarity judgments demonstrates that the measure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-05-30 P. Resnik

Recent progress in audio-language modeling, such as automated audio captioning, has benefited from training on synthetic data generated with the aid of large-language models. However, such approaches for environmental sound captioning have…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Mithun Manivannan , Vignesh Nethrapalli , Mark Cartwright

We investigate the task of assessing sentence-level prompt relevance in learner essays. Various systems using word overlap, neural embeddings and neural compositional models are evaluated on two datasets of learner writing. We propose a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Marek Rei , Ronan Cummins

Quantifying the degree of similarity between images is a key copyright issue for image-based machine learning. In legal doctrine however, determining the degree of similarity between works requires subjective analysis, and fact-finders…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Alessandro Achille , Greg Ver Steeg , Tian Yu Liu , Matthew Trager , Carson Klingenberg , Stefano Soatto

Many applications of speech technology require more and more audio data. Automatic assessment of the quality of the collected recordings is important to ensure they meet the requirements of the related applications. However, effective and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Qiang Huang , Thomas Hain

Most speech recognition tasks pertain to mapping words across two modalities: acoustic and orthographic. In this work, we suggest learning encoders that map variable-length, acoustic or phonetic, sequences that represent words into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-02 Mohamed El-Geish

Automatic machine translation metrics typically rely on human translations to determine the quality of system translations. Common wisdom in the field dictates that the human references should be of very high quality. However, there are no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Vilém Zouhar , Ondřej Bojar

Automatically evaluating the quality of image captions can be very challenging since human language is quite flexible that there can be various expressions for the same meaning. Most of the current captioning metrics rely on token level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Chao Zeng , Tiesong Zhao , Sam Kwong

Efficient audio quality assessment is vital for streamlining audio codec development. Objective assessment tools have been developed over time to algorithmically predict quality ratings from subjective assessments, the gold standard for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Pablo M. Delgado , Jürgen Herre

The area of automatic image caption evaluation is still undergoing intensive research to address the needs of generating captions which can meet adequacy and fluency requirements. Based on our past attempts at developing highly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Naeha Sharif , Lyndon White , Mohammed Bennamoun , Wei Liu , Syed Afaq Ali Shah

In this paper, we propose the coarse-to-fine optimization for the task of speech enhancement. Cosine similarity loss [1] has proven to be an effective metric to measure similarity of speech signals. However, due to the large variance of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-08-23 Jian Yao , Ahmad Al-Dahle

In this paper, we introduce a new WordNet based similarity metric, SenSim, which incorporates sentiment content (i.e., degree of positive or negative sentiment) of the words being compared to measure the similarity between them. The…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-09-19 A. R. Balamurali , Subhabrata Mukherjee , Akshat Malu , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Calculating the semantic similarity between sentences is a long dealt problem in the area of natural language processing. The semantic analysis field has a crucial role to play in the research related to the text analytics. The semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Atish Pawar , Vijay Mago

Audio Captioning (AC) plays a pivotal role in enhancing audio-text cross-modal understanding during the pretraining and finetuning of Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs). To strengthen this alignment, recent works propose Audio Difference Captioning…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuhang Jia , Xu Zhang , Yujie Guo , Yang Chen , Shiwan Zhao
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