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Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states are short-range entangled states with a symmetry G. They belong to a new class of quantum states of matter which are classified by the group cohomology $H^{d+1}(G,\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z})$ in…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2014-06-02 Ling-Yan Hung , Xiao-Gang Wen

Symmetry plays a fundamental role in understanding complex quantum matter, particularly in classifying topological quantum phases, which have attracted great interests in the recent decade. An outstanding example is the time-reversal…

The concept of gapped symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states has been generalized to gapless SPT (gSPT) states. Similar to gapped SPT states, gSPT states in one dimension exhibit universal degeneracies in their entanglement spectra.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Wen-Tao Xu , Frank Pollmann , Michael Knap

Symmetry-protected trivial (SPt) phases of matter are the product-state analogue of symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases. This means, SPt phases can be adiabatically connected to a product state by some path that preserves the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2016-06-08 Augustine Kshetrimayum , Hong-Hao Tu , Roman Orus

Symmetry protected topological phases exhibit nontrivial short-ranged entanglement protected by symmetry and cannot be adiabatically connected to trivial product states while preserving the symmetry. In contrast, intrinsic topological…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-01 Yabo Li , Hiroki Sukeno , Aswin Parayil Mana , Hendrik Poulsen Nautrup , Tzu-Chieh Wei

Global symmetries greatly enrich the landscape of topological quantum phases, playing an essential role from topological insulators to fractional quantum Hall effect. Topological phases in mixed quantum states, originating from…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-05-26 Ruochen Ma , Jian-Hao Zhang , Zhen Bi , Meng Cheng , Chong Wang

We propose a diagnostic tool for detecting non-trivial symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases protected by a symmetry group $G$ in 2+1 dimensions. Our method is based on directly studying the 1+1-dimensional anomalous edge conformal…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-09-13 Bo Han , Apoorv Tiwari , Chang-Tse Hsieh , Shinsei Ryu

Strongly correlated quantum many-body systems at low dimension exhibit a wealth of phenomena, ranging from features of geometric frustration to signatures of symmetry-protected topological order. In suitable descriptions of such systems, it…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-12-29 A. Nietner , C. Krumnow , E. J. Bergholtz , J. Eisert

We explore 1+1 dimensional (1+1D) gapped phases in systems with non-invertible symmetries, focusing on symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases (defined as gapped phases with non-degenerate ground states), as well as SPT orders (defined…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-04-01 Ömer M. Aksoy , Xiao-Gang Wen

Higher-order topological phases with invertible symmetries have been extensively studied in recent years, revealing gapless modes localized on boundaries of higher codimension. In this work, we extend the framework of higher-order…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-05-26 Aswin Parayil Mana , Yabo Li , Hiroki Sukeno , Tzu-Chieh Wei

Gapped interfaces (and boundaries) of two-dimensional (2D) Abelian topological phases are shown to support a remarkably rich sequence of 1D symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states. We show that such interfaces can provide a physical…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2018-08-24 Luiz H. Santos , Jennifer Cano , Michael Mulligan , Taylor L. Hughes

Symmetry protected topological (SPT) states have boundary 't Hooft anomalies that obstruct an effective boundary theory realized in its own dimension with UV completion and an on-site $G$-symmetry. In this work, yet we show that a certain…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-02-15 Juven Wang , Xiao-Gang Wen , Edward Witten

Recently, it was realized that quantum states of matter can be classified as long-range entangled (LRE) states (i.e. with non-trivial topological order) and short-range entangled (SRE) states (\ie with trivial topological order). We can use…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2014-02-05 Xiao-Gang Wen

We extend the concept of strange correlators, defined for symmetry-protected phases in [You et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 247202 (2014)], to topological phases of matter by taking the inner product between string-net ground states and…

Symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases are one of the simplest, yet nontrivial, gapped systems that go beyond the Landau paradigm. In this work, we study an extension of the notion of SPT for gapless systems, namely, gapless symmetry…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2024-07-17 Linhao Li , Masaki Oshikawa , Yunqin Zheng

Symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases are gapped short-range-entangled quantum phases with a symmetry G. They can all be smoothly connected to the same trivial product state if we break the symmetry. The Haldane phase of spin-1 chain…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2013-09-03 Xie Chen , Zheng-Cheng Gu , Zheng-Xin Liu , Xiao-Gang Wen

Symmetry-protected topological $\left(SPT\right)$ phases are gapped short-range entangled states with symmetry $G$, which can be systematically described by group cohomology theory. $SU(3)$ and $SU(2)\times{U(1)}$ are considered as the…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2021-01-12 Ning Wang , Qiao Zhuang

It is well-known that symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases can be obtained from the trivial phase by an entangler, a finite-depth unitary operator $U$. Here, we consider obtaining the entangler from a local 'pivot' Hamiltonian…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2023-02-03 Nathanan Tantivasadakarn , Ryan Thorngren , Ashvin Vishwanath , Ruben Verresen

We discuss physical constructions, and the boundary properties of various symmetry protected topological phases that involve 1-form symmetries, from one spatial dimension (1d) to four spatial dimensions (4d). For example, the prototype 3d…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2021-02-24 Chao-Ming Jian , Xiao-Chuan Wu , Yichen Xu , Cenke Xu

Symmetry protected topological (SPT) states are bulk gapped states with gapless edge excitations protected by certain symmetries. The SPT phases in free fermion systems, like topological insulators, can be classified by the K-theory.…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2013-01-08 Xie Chen , Zheng-Cheng Gu , Zheng-Xin Liu , Xiao-Gang Wen