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Real-time bidding (RTB) has become one of the largest online advertising markets in the world. Today the bid price per ad impression is typically decided by the expected value of how it can lead to a desired action event (e.g., registering…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Jian Xu , Xuhui Shao , Jianjie Ma , Kuang-chih Lee , Hang Qi , Quan Lu

Ad auctions in sponsored search support ``broad match'' that allows an advertiser to target a large number of queries while bidding only on a limited number. While giving more expressiveness to advertisers, this feature makes it challenging…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-01-26 Eyal Even-dar , Yishay Mansour , Vahab Mirrokni , S. Muthukrishnan , Uri Nadav

In this paper, we analyze a natural learning algorithm for uniform pacing of advertising budgets, equipped to adapt to varying ad sale platform conditions. On the demand side, advertisers face a fundamental technical challenge in automating…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-14 MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi , Max Springer

We develop a novel optimization model to maximize the profit of a Demand-Side Platform (DSP) while ensuring that the budget utilization preferences of the DSP's advertiser clients are adequately met. Our model is highly flexible and can be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-05-31 Alfonso Lobos , Paul Grigas , Zheng Wen , Kuang-chih Lee

Real-time advertising allows advertisers to bid for each impression for a visiting user. To optimize specific goals such as maximizing revenue and return on investment (ROI) led by ad placements, advertisers not only need to estimate the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-02 Junqi Jin , Chengru Song , Han Li , Kun Gai , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang

Pay-per-click advertising includes various formats (\emph{e.g.}, search, contextual, social) with a total investment of more than 200 billion USD per year worldwide. An advertiser is given a daily budget to allocate over several, even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Alessandro Nuara , Francesco Trovò , Nicola Gatti , Marcello Restelli

In this paper, we study the problem of learning to bid in repeated first-price auctions with budget constraints. In each period, the decision maker needs to submit a bid to win the auction and maximize the total collected reward, subject to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Zeng Fu , Jiashuo Jiang , Yuan Zhou

Today, billions of display ad impressions are purchased on a daily basis through a public auction hosted by real time bidding (RTB) exchanges. A decision has to be made for advertisers to submit a bid for each selected RTB ad request in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-05-15 Kuang-Chih Lee , Ali Jalali , Ali Dasdan

Recent advances in machine learning have spurred significant interest in learning-augmented algorithms, particularly for online optimization. A growing body of work has studied online bidding in this framework, aiming to characterize the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Changyeol Lee , Dahoon Lee , Jongseo Lee , Yongho Shin , Changki Yun

We study a real-time bidding problem resulting from a set of contractual obligations stipulating that a firm win a specified number of heterogeneous impressions or ad placements over a defined duration in a real-time auction. The contracts…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-21 R. J. Kinnear , R. R. Mazumdar , P. Marbach

In online display advertising, guaranteed contracts and real-time bidding (RTB) are two major ways to sell impressions for a publisher. For large publishers, simultaneously selling impressions through both guaranteed contracts and in-house…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Di Wu , Cheng Chen , Xiujun Chen , Junwei Pan , Xun Yang , Qing Tan , Jian Xu , Kuang-Chih Lee

Unexpected advertising items in sponsored search may reduce users' reliance on organic search, resulting in hidden cost for the e-commerce platform. To address this problem and promote sustainable growth, we propose a dynamic reserve price…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mang Li

Auto-bidding systems are widely used in advertising to automatically determine bid values under constraints such as total budget and Return-on-Spend (RoS) targets. Existing works often assume that the value of an ad impression, such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiale Han , Chun Gan , Chengcheng Zhang , Jie He , Zhangang Lin , Ching Law , Xiaowu Dai

In programmatic advertising, ad slots are usually sold using second-price (SP) auctions in real-time. The highest bidding advertiser wins but pays only the second-highest bid (known as the winning price). In SP, for a single item, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Aritra Ghosh , Saayan Mitra , Somdeb Sarkhel , Jason Xie , Gang Wu , Viswanathan Swaminathan

Internet search companies sell advertisement slots based on users' search queries via an auction. Advertisers have to determine how to place bids on the keywords of their interest in order to maximize their return for a given budget: this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-09-24 S. Muthukrishnan , Martin Pal , Zoya Svitkina

Displaying banner advertisements (in short, ads) on webpages has usually been discussed as an Internet economics topic where a publisher uses auction models to sell an online user's page view to advertisers and the one with the highest bid…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-02 Xiang Chen , Bowei Chen , Mohan Kankanhalli

In the context of advertising auctions, finding good reserve prices is a notoriously challenging learning problem. This is due to the heterogeneity of ad opportunity types and the non-convexity of the objective function. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-07 Andrés Muñoz Medina , Sergei Vassilvitskii

Online bidding serves as a fundamental information system in mobile ecosystems, facilitating real-time ad allocation across billions of devices while optimizing both platform performance and user experience through data-driven decision…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Huanyu Yan , Yu Huo , Min Lu , Weitong Ou , Xingyan Shi , Ruihe Shi , Xiaoying Tang

The proliferation of the Internet has led to the emergence of online advertising, driven by the mechanics of online auctions. In these repeated auctions, software agents participate on behalf of aggregated advertisers to optimize for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Haozhe Wang , Chao Du , Panyan Fang , Li He , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

We study and formulate arbitrage in display advertising. Real-Time Bidding (RTB) mimics stock spot exchanges and utilises computers to algorithmically buy display ads per impression via a real-time auction. Despite the new automation, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang