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Frequency conversion between microwave and optical photons is a key enabling technology to create links between superconducting quantum processors and to realize distributed quantum networks. We propose a microwave-optical transduction…

Scaling up superconducting quantum processors remains a central challenge for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Although distributed architectures based on optical photons offer a promising route to scalability, they require an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Kyosuke Goto , Hodaka Kurokawa , Hideo Kosaka , Kazuki Koshino

Quantum transduction between the microwave and optical domains is an outstanding challenge for long-distance quantum networks based on superconducting qubits. For all transducers realized to date, the generally weak light-matter coupling…

A quantum network that distributes and processes entanglement would enable powerful new computers and sensors. Optical photons with a frequency of a few hundred terahertz are perhaps the only way to distribute quantum information over long…

Bidirectional conversion of electrical and optical signals lies at the foundation of the global internet. Such converters are employed at repeater stations to extend the reach of long-haul fiber optic communication systems and within data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-29 Mohammad Mirhosseini , Alp Sipahigil , Mahmoud Kalaee , Oskar Painter

Microwave-to-optical transduction of single photons will play an essential role in interconnecting future superconducting quantum devices, with applications in distributed quantum computing and secure communications. Various transducers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Tian Xie , Rikuto Fukumori , Jiahui Li , Andrei Faraon

Connecting superconducting qubits to optical fiber necessitates the conversion of microwave photons to optical photons. Modern experimental demonstrations exhibit strong coupling between a microwave resonator and an optical cavity mediated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-22 Huo Chen , Marti Vives , Mekena Metcalf

Two-way microwave-optical quantum transduction is essential to connecting distant superconducting qubits via optical fiber, and to enable quantum networking at a large scale. In Bl\'esin, Tian, Bhave, and Kippenberg's article, ``Quantum…

We propose a device architecture capable of direct quantum electro-optical conversion of microwave to optical photons. The hybrid system consists of a planar superconducting microwave circuit coupled to an integrated whispering-gallery-mode…

The quantum transduction, or equivalently quantum frequency conversion, between microwave and optical photons is essential for realizing scalable quantum computers with superconducting qubits. Due to the large frequency difference between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Akihiko Sekine , Ryo Murakami , Yoshiyasu Doi

Microwave-to-optical quantum transducers will enable coherent interconnection between distant superconducting quantum devices. Ongoing explorations with several platforms have shown promising results at single-photon levels. However, in all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Ujjwal Gautam , Nasser Gohari Kamel , Sourabh Kumar , Daniel Oblak

Efficient and coherent conversion between microwave and optical signals is crucial for a wide range of applications, from quantum information processing to microwave photonics and radar systems. However, existing conversion techniques rely…

State transfer between light and microwaves is a key challenge in quantum networks. Promising transducers use a mechanical intermediary that couples to both fields via radiation pressure. Such electro-optomechanical devices have achieved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Max P. Foreman , Jesse J. Slim , Warwick P. Bowen

Quantum computers have great potential to solve problems which are intractable on classical computers. However, quantum processors have not yet reached the required scale to run applications which outperform traditional computers. Leading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-02 M. J. Weaver , G. Arnold , H. Weaver , S. Gröblacher , R. Stockill

Coherent interfaces between microwave-frequency quantum systems and low-loss optical links are essential for quantum networks. However, existing microwave-optical transducers often trade conversion efficiency against added noise, bandwidth,…

Superconducting quantum processors are a leading platform for implementing practical quantum computation algorithms. Although superconducting quantum processors with hundreds of qubits have been demonstrated, their further scaling up is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Yiyu Zhou , Yufeng Wu , Chunzhen Li , Mohan Shen , Likai Yang , Jiacheng Xie , Hong X. Tang

Leveraging the quantum information processing ability of superconducting circuits and long-distance distribution ability of optical photons promises the realization of complex and large-scale quantum networks. In such a scheme, a coherent…

Wavelength transduction of single-photon signals is indispensable to networked quantum applications, particularly those incorporating quantum memories. Lithium niobate nanophotonic devices have demonstrated favorable linear, nonlinear, and…

Optics · Physics 2021-07-21 Heng Fan , Zhaohui Ma , Jiayang Chen , Zhan Li , Chao Tang , Yongmeng Sua , Yuping Huang

Superconducting quantum processors operate at microwave frequencies in millikelvin environments, making it challenging to interconnect distant nodes using conventional microwave wiring. Coherent microwave-to-optical (M2O) transduction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Yufeng Wu , Yiyu Zhou , Haoqi Zhao , Danqing Wang , Matthew D. LaHaye , Daniel L. Campbell , Hong X. Tang

Emerging communications and computing technologies will rely ever-more on expanding the useful radio frequency (RF) spectrum into the sub-THz and THz frequency range. Both classical and quantum applications would benefit from advancing…