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Flow cardinality estimation is the problem of estimating the number of distinct elements in a data flow, often with a stringent memory constraint. It has wide applications in network traffic measurement and in database systems. The virtual…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-12-10 Zeyu Zhou

Applications involving telecommunication call data records, web pages, online transactions, medical records, stock markets, climate warning systems, etc., necessitate efficient management and processing of such massively exponential amount…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-12-18 Suman K. Bera , Sourav Dutta , Ankur Narang , Souvik Bhattacherjee

These days, Key-Value Stores are widely used for scalable data storage. In this environment, Bloom filter (BF) serves as an efficient probabilistic data structure for representing sets of keys. They allow for set membership queries with no…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Paul Walther , Wejdene Mansour , Johann Maximilian Zollner , Martin Werner

Probabilistic filters are approximate set membership data structures that represent a set of keys in small space, and answer set membership queries without false negative answers, but with a certain allowed false positive probability. Such…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Johanna Elena Schmitz , Jens Zentgraf , Sven Rahmann

Bloom filters are space-efficient probabilistic data structures that are used to test whether an element is a member of a set, and may return false positives. Recently, variations referred to as learned Bloom filters were developed that can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Kapil Vaidya , Eric Knorr , Tim Kraska , Michael Mitzenmacher

Privacy-preserving estimation of counts of items in streaming data finds applications in several real-world scenarios including word auto-correction and traffic management applications. Recent works of RAPPOR and Apple's count-mean sketch…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Dinusha Vatsalan , Raghav Bhaskar , Mohamed Ali Kaafar

Submodular maximization is one of the central topics in combinatorial optimization. It has found numerous applications in the real world. Streaming algorithms for submodule maximization have gained attention in recent years, allowing for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Xiaoming Sun , Jialin Zhang , Shuo Zhang

Modern database optimizer relies on cardinality estimator, whose accuracy directly affects the optimizer's ability to choose an optimal execution plan. Recent work on data-driven methods has leveraged probabilistic models to achieve higher…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Xiao Yan , Tiezheng Nie , Boyang Fang , Derong Shen , Kou Yue , Yu Ge

Given $m$ distributed data streams $A_1, \dots, A_m$, we consider the problem of estimating the number of unique identifiers in streams defined by set expressions over $A_1, \dots, A_m$. We identify a broad class of algorithms for solving…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-02-25 Anirban Dasgupta , Kevin Lang , Lee Rhodes , Justin Thaler

The probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter alleviates the computational expense of the optimal Bayesian multi-target filtering by approximating the intensity function of the random finite set (RFS) of targets in time. However, as a…

Applications · Statistics 2015-06-09 Meysam R. Danaee

Subgraph counting is a fundamental problem in understanding and analyzing graph structured data, yet computationally challenging. This calls for an accurate and efficient algorithm for Subgraph Cardinality Estimation, which is to estimate…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Wonseok Shin , Siwoo Song , Kunsoo Park , Wook-Shin Han

The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a critical technology to connect resource-constrained devices such as sensors and actuators as well as appliances to the Internet. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for node…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Pranav S. Page , Anand S. Siyote , Vivek S. Borkar , Gaurav S. Kasbekar

This paper introduces a novel algorithm for cardinality, i.e., the number of nodes, estimation in large scale anonymous graphs using statistical inference methods. Applications of this work include estimating the number of sensor devices,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-08-21 Ahmed Douik , Salah A. Aly , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

We discuss the problem of counting distinct elements in a stream. A stream is usually considered as a sequence of elements that come one at a time. An exact solution to the problem requires memory space of the size of the stream. For many…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Tal Ohayon

In this paper we compare two probabilistic data structures for association queries derived from the well-known Bloom filter: the shifting Bloom filter (ShBF), and the spatial Bloom filter (SBF). With respect to the original data structure,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Luca Calderoni , Dario Maio , Paolo Palmieri

Many multi-object estimation problems require additional estimation of model or sensor parameters that are either common to all objects or related to unknown characterisation of one or more sensors. Important examples of these include…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-16 Isabel Schlangen , Daniel E. Clark , Emmanuel D. Delande

Cardinality estimation is a fundamental component in database systems, crucial for generating efficient execution plans. Despite advancements in learning-based cardinality estimation, existing methods may struggle to simultaneously optimize…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Jiawei Liu , Ju Fan , Tongyu Liu , Kai Zeng , Jiannan Wang , Quehuan Liu , Tao Ye , Nan Tang

Score Distillation Sampling (SDS) and its variants have been widely used for text-to-3D generation by distilling 2D image diffusion priors. However, the standard SDS objective is prone to severe mode collapse, frequently yielding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Rohith Ramanan , A. N. Rajagopalan

Set reconciliation protocols typically make two critical assumptions: they are designed for fixed-sized elements and they are optimized for when the difference cardinality, d, is very small. When adapting to variable-sized elements, the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Pedro Silva Gomes , Carlos Baquero

Accurately detecting super host that establishes connections to a large number of distinct peers is significant for mitigating web attacks and ensuring high quality of web service. Existing sketch-based approaches estimate the number of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yilin Zhao , Jiawei Huang , Xianshi Su , Weihe Li , Xin Li , Yan Liu , Jiacheng Xie , Qichen Su , Jin Ye , Wanchun Jiang , Jianxin Wang