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The storage and processing of quantum information are susceptible to external noise, resulting in computational errors that are inherently continuous A powerful method to suppress these effects is to use quantum error correction. Typically,…

The goal of this paper is to review the theoretical basis for achieving a faithful quantum information transmission and processing in the presence of noise. Initially encoding and decoding, implementing gates and quantum error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. J. Salas

Quantum Error Correction will be necessary for preserving coherent states against noise and other unwanted interactions in quantum computation and communication. We develop a general theory of quantum error correction based on encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-23 Emanuel Knill , Raymond Laflamme

Modular quantum computing architectures require error correction schemes that remain effective in the presense of noisy inter-processor operations. We introduce a distributed quantum error correction framework based on approximate codes to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Connor Clayton , Bruno Avritzer

To run large-scale algorithms on a quantum computer, error-correcting codes must be able to perform a fundamental set of operations, called logic gates, while isolating the encoded information from…

We present a theoretical framework for state-adaptive quantum error correction that bridges the gap between quantum computing and error correction paradigms. By incorporating knowledge of quantum states into the error correction process, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 D. -S. Wang

In this paper, we address the problem of state communication in finite-level quantum systems through noise-affected channels. Our approach is based on a self-consistent theory of decoding inner products associated with the code and error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-06 Jorge R. Bolaños-Servín , Yuriko Pitones , Josué I. Rios-Cangas

Performing experiments on small-scale quantum computers is certainly a challenging endeavor. Many parameters need to be optimized to achieve high-fidelity operations. This can be done efficiently for operations acting on single qubits as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-31 M. Müller , A. Rivas , E. A. Martínez , D. Nigg , P. Schindler , T. Monz , R. Blatt , M. A. Martin-Delgado

Quantum states have high affinity for errors and hence error correction is of utmost importance to realise a quantum computer. Laflamme showed that 5 qubits are necessary to correct a single error on a qubit. In a Pauli error model, four…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-12 Ritajit Majumdar , Susmita Sur-Kolay

Standard approaches to quantum error correction (QEC) require active maintenance using measurements and classical processing. Passive QEC, by contrast, has so far been established only in unphysical spatial dimensions. Here, we give an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Gesa Dünnweber , Georgios Styliaris , Rahul Trivedi

We present a method of concatenated quantum error correction in which improved classical processing is used with existing quantum codes and fault-tolerant circuits to more reliably correct errors. Rather than correcting each level of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-26 Zachary W. E. Evans , Ashley M. Stephens

The intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum systems makes error correction or mitigation indispensable for quantum computation. While current error-correcting strategies focus on correcting errors in quantum states or quantum gates, these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-23 Andrew K. Tan , Yuan Liu , Minh C. Tran , Isaac L. Chuang

This paper investigates quantum error correction schemes for fully-correlated noise channels on an $n$-qubit system, where error operators take the form $W^{\otimes n}$, with $W$ being an arbitrary $2\times 2$ unitary operator. In previous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-30 Chi-Kwong Li , Yuqiao Li , Diane Christine Pelejo , Sage Stanish

The hope of the quantum computing field is that quantum architectures are able to scale up and realize fault-tolerant quantum computing. Due to engineering challenges, such ''cheap'' error correction may be decades away. In the meantime, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 Rutuja Kshirsagar , Amara Katabarwa , Peter D. Johnson

Active quantum error correction using qubit stabilizer codes has emerged as a promising, but experimentally challenging, engineering program for building a universal quantum computer. In this review we consider the formalism of qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-13 Barbara M. Terhal

Methods to control errors will be essential for quantum information processing. It is widely believed that fault-tolerant quantum error correction is the leading contender to achieve this goal. Although the theory of fault-tolerant quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-24 Ben Criger , Osama Moussa , Raymond Laflamme

Quantum error correction plays an important role in fault-tolerant quantum information processing. It is usually difficult to experimentally realize quantum error correction, as it requires multiple qubits and quantum gates with high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-10 Qihao Guo , Yuan-Yuan Zhao , Markus Grassl , Xinfang Nie , Guo-Yong Xiang , Tao Xin , Zhang-Qi Yin , Bei Zeng

Quantum error correction methods use processing power to combat noise. The noise level which can be tolerated in a fault-tolerant method is therefore a function of the computational resources available, especially the size of computer and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Andrew Steane

Quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for universal quantum computing. Despite tremendous experimental efforts in the study of quantum error correction, to date, there has been no demonstration in the realisation of universal…

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is the process of detecting and correcting errors in quantum systems, which are prone to decoherence and quantum noise. QEC is crucial for developing stable and highly accurate quantum computing systems,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Zihao Wang , Hao Tang