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We propose a hybrid technique for image encryption which employs the concept of carrier image and SCAN patterns generated by SCAN methodology. Although it involves existing method like SCAN methodology, the novelty of the work lies in…

In this paper, we put forward a new tool, called SpaML, for spam detection using a set of supervised and unsupervised classifiers, and two techniques imbued with Natural Language Processing (NLP), namely Bag of Words (BoW) and Term…

Modern malware evolves various detection avoidance techniques to bypass the state-of-the-art detection methods. An emerging trend to deal with this issue is the combination of image transformation and machine learning techniques to classify…

An improved email classification method based on Artificial Immune System is proposed in this paper to develop an immune based system by using the immune learning, immune memory in solving complex problems in spam detection. An optimized…

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has enabled the generation of highly persuasive spam reviews that closely mimic human writing. These reviews pose significant challenges for existing detection systems and threaten the credibility of…

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) is a technology that offers comprehensive alphanumeric recognition of handwritten and printed characters at electronic speed by merely scanning the document. Recently, the understanding of visual data has…

Detection and recognition of text from scans and other images, commonly denoted as Optical Character Recognition (OCR), is a widely used form of automated document processing with a number of methods available. Yet OCR systems still do not…

Contemporary e-mail services have high availability expectations from the customers and are resource-strained because of the high-volume throughput and spam attacks. Deep Machine Learning architectures, which are resource hungry and require…

Spam emails are unsolicited, annoying and sometimes harmful messages which may contain malware, phishing or hoaxes. Unlike most studies that address the design of efficient anti-spam filters, we approach the spam email problem from a…

Although the problem of spam classification seems to be solved, there are still vulnerabilities in the current spam filters that could be easily exploited. We present one such vulnerability, in which one could replace some characters with…

The increasing threat of SMS spam, driven by evolving adversarial techniques and concept drift, calls for more robust and adaptive detection methods. In this paper, we evaluate the potential of large language models (LLMs), both open-source…

We present an end-to-end trainable approach for Optical Character Recognition (OCR) on printed documents. Specifically, we propose a model that predicts a) a two-dimensional character grid (\emph{chargrid}) representation of a document…

Spam messages continue to present significant challenges to digital users, cluttering inboxes and posing security risks. Traditional spam detection methods, including rules-based, collaborative, and machine learning approaches, struggle to…

Malware has become a formidable threat as it has been growing exponentially in number and sophistication, thus, it is imperative to have a solution that is easy to implement, reliable, and effective. While recent research has introduced…

With the advent of digital optical scanners, a lot of paper-based books, textbooks, magazines, articles, and documents are being transformed into an electronic version that can be manipulated by a computer. For this purpose, OCR, short for…

In the pursuit of an effective spam detection system, the focus has often been on identifying known spam patterns either through rule-based detection systems or machine learning (ML) solutions that rely on keywords. However, both systems…

Amid a tidal wave of misinformation flooding social media during elections and crises, extensive research has been conducted on misinformation detection, primarily focusing on text-based or image-based approaches. However, only a few…

Image fusion is a crucial technique in the field of computer vision, and its goal is to generate high-quality fused images and improve the performance of downstream tasks. However, existing fusion methods struggle to balance these two…

The growing sophistication of Business Email Compromise (BEC) and spear phishing attacks poses significant challenges to organizations worldwide. The techniques featured in traditional spam and phishing detection are insufficient due to the…

Spam pages are designed to maliciously appear among the top search results by excessive usage of popular terms. Therefore, spam pages should be removed using an effective and efficient spam detection system. Previous methods for web spam…