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The emoticons are symbolic representations that generally accompany the textual content to visually enhance or summarize the true intention of a written message. Although widely utilized in the realm of social media, the core semantics of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Ananya Pandey , Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma

Continual learning is essential for adapting models to new tasks while retaining previously acquired knowledge. While existing approaches predominantly focus on uni-modal data, multi-modal learning offers substantial benefits by utilizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Evelyn Chee , Wynne Hsu , Mong Li Lee

Understanding dark scenes based on multi-modal image data is challenging, as both the visible and auxiliary modalities provide limited semantic information for the task. Previous methods focus on fusing the two modalities but neglect the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Xiaoyu Dong , Naoto Yokoya

Compared with unimodal data, multimodal data can provide more features to help the model analyze the sentiment of data. Previous research works rarely consider token-level feature fusion, and few works explore learning the common features…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Zhen Li , Bing Xu , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao

Multimodal emotion recognition plays a key role in many domains, including mental health monitoring, educational interaction, and human-computer interaction. However, existing methods often face three major challenges: unbalanced category…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Feng Li , Ke Wu , Yongwei Li

Learning representations of multimodal data that are both informative and robust to missing modalities at test time remains a challenging problem due to the inherent heterogeneity of data obtained from different channels. To address it, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Petra Poklukar , Miguel Vasco , Hang Yin , Francisco S. Melo , Ana Paiva , Danica Kragic

The effectiveness of a model is heavily reliant on the quality of the fusion representation of multiple modalities in multimodal sentiment analysis. Moreover, each modality is extracted from raw input and integrated with the rest to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Cong-Duy Nguyen , Thong Nguyen , Duc Anh Vu , Luu Anh Tuan

Multimodal learning from document data has achieved great success lately as it allows to pre-train semantically meaningful features as a prior into a learnable downstream task. In this paper, we approach the document classification problem…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Souhail Bakkali , Zuheng Ming , Mickael Coustaty , Marçal Rusiñol , Oriol Ramos Terrades

Multimodal learning aims to capture both shared and private information from multiple modalities. However, existing methods that project all modalities into a single latent space for fusion often overlook the asynchronous, multi-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Chunlei Meng , Guanhong Huang , Rong Fu , Runmin Jian , Zhongxue Gan , Chun Ouyang

Vision-language representation learning largely benefits from image-text alignment through contrastive losses (e.g., InfoNCE loss). The success of this alignment strategy is attributed to its capability in maximizing the mutual information…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Jinyu Yang , Jiali Duan , Son Tran , Yi Xu , Sampath Chanda , Liqun Chen , Belinda Zeng , Trishul Chilimbi , Junzhou Huang

Multimodal contrastive learning is a methodology for linking different data modalities; the canonical example is linking image and text data. The methodology is typically framed as the identification of a set of encoders, one for each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew M. Stuart , Son Tran

Contrastive learning has emerged as a pivotal framework for representation learning, underpinning advances in both unimodal and bimodal applications like SimCLR and CLIP. To address fundamental limitations like large batch size dependency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Ajay Jagannath , Aayush Upadhyay , Anant Mehta

Multi-modal contrastive learning as a self-supervised representation learning technique has achieved great success in foundation model training, such as CLIP~\citep{radford2021learning}. In this paper, we study the theoretical properties of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-20 Yu Gui , Cong Ma , Zongming Ma

Humans perceive the world through multisensory integration, blending the information of different modalities to adapt their behavior. Contrastive learning offers an appealing solution for multimodal self-supervised learning. Indeed, by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Benoit Dufumier , Javiera Castillo-Navarro , Devis Tuia , Jean-Philippe Thiran

Predicting socioeconomic indicators within urban regions is crucial for fostering inclusivity, resilience, and sustainability in cities and human settlements. While pioneering studies have attempted to leverage multi-modal data for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Xixian Yong , Xiao Zhou

Universal Multimodal embedding models built on Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have traditionally employed contrastive learning, which aligns representations of query-target pairs across different modalities. Yet, despite its…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Geonmo Gu , Byeongho Heo , Jaemyung Yu , Jaehui Hwang , Taekyung Kim , Sangmin Lee , HeeJae Jun , Yoohoon Kang , Sangdoo Yun , Dongyoon Han

Contrastive learning (CL) has been successful as a powerful representation learning method. In this work we propose CLIM: Contrastive Learning with mutual Information Maximization, to explore the potential of CL on cross-domain sentiment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Tian Li , Xiang Chen , Shanghang Zhang , Zhen Dong , Kurt Keutzer

Multimodal representation learning is commonly built on a shared-private decomposition, treating latent information as either common to all modalities or specific to one. This binary view is often inadequate: many factors are shared by only…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-08 Huichao Li , Junhan Yu , Doudou Zhou

Multi-modal Contrastive Representation learning aims to encode different modalities into a semantically aligned shared space. This paradigm shows remarkable generalization ability on numerous downstream tasks across various modalities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Zehan Wang , Yang Zhao , Xize Cheng , Haifeng Huang , Jiageng Liu , Li Tang , Linjun Li , Yongqi Wang , Aoxiong Yin , Ziang Zhang , Zhou Zhao

Contrastive learning has achieved great success in self-supervised visual representation learning, but existing approaches mostly ignored spatial information which is often crucial for visual representation. This paper presents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Xinyue Huo , Lingxi Xie , Longhui Wei , Xiaopeng Zhang , Hao Li , Zijie Yang , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li , Qi Tian