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The majority of work in targeted sentiment analysis has concentrated on finding better methods to improve the overall results. Within this paper we show that these models are not robust to linguistic phenomena, specifically negation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Andrew Moore , Jeremy Barnes

Many practical vision-language applications require models that understand negation, e.g., when using natural language to retrieve images which contain certain objects but not others. Despite advancements in vision-language models (VLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Kumail Alhamoud , Shaden Alshammari , Yonglong Tian , Guohao Li , Philip Torr , Yoon Kim , Marzyeh Ghassemi

Despite great performance on many tasks, language models (LMs) still struggle with reasoning, sometimes providing responses that cannot possibly be true because they stem from logical incoherence. We call such responses \textit{strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Nicholas Asher , Swarnadeep Bhar

Natural language understanding (NLU) and Natural language generation (NLG) tasks hold a strong dual relationship, where NLU aims at predicting semantic labels based on natural language utterances and NLG does the opposite. The prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Shang-Yu Su , Yung-Sung Chuang , Yun-Nung Chen

Large language models underestimate the impact of negations on how much they change the meaning of a sentence. Therefore, learned evaluation metrics based on these models are insensitive to negations. In this paper, we propose NegBLEURT, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Miriam Anschütz , Diego Miguel Lozano , Georg Groh

Recognizing the entailment relation showed that its influence to extract the semantic inferences in wide-ranging natural language processing domains (text summarization, question answering, etc.) and enhanced the results of their output.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Fatima T. AL-Khawaldeh

Large-scale datasets for natural language inference are created by presenting crowd workers with a sentence (premise), and asking them to generate three new sentences (hypotheses) that it entails, contradicts, or is logically neutral with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Suchin Gururangan , Swabha Swayamdipta , Omer Levy , Roy Schwartz , Samuel R. Bowman , Noah A. Smith

Negation plays an important role in various natural language processing tasks such as Natural Language Inference and Sentiment Analysis tasks. Numerous prior studies have found that contextual text embedding models such as BERT, ELMO,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Hongliu Cao

State-of-the-art vision-language models (VLMs) suffer from a critical failure in understanding negation, often referred to as affirmative bias. This limitation is particularly severe in described object detection (DOD) tasks. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Inha Kang , Youngsun Lim , Seonho Lee , Jiho Choi , Junsuk Choe , Hyunjung Shim

Despite rapid adoption of autoregressive large language models, smaller text encoders still play an important role in text understanding tasks that require rich contextualized representations. Negation is an important semantic function that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Thinh Hung Truong , Karin Verspoor , Trevor Cohn , Timothy Baldwin

Conversational systems often rely on embedding models for intent classification and intent clustering tasks. The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), which enable instructional embeddings allowing one to adjust semantics over the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Yuwei Zhang , Siffi Singh , Sailik Sengupta , Igor Shalyminov , Hang Su , Hwanjun Song , Saab Mansour

Negation is poorly captured by current language models, although the extent of this problem is not widely understood. We introduce a natural language inference (NLI) test suite to enable probing the capabilities of NLP methods, with the aim…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Thinh Hung Truong , Yulia Otmakhova , Timothy Baldwin , Trevor Cohn , Jey Han Lau , Karin Verspoor

Transformers have been shown to emulate logical deduction over natural language theories (logical rules expressed in natural language), reliably assigning true/false labels to candidate implications. However, their ability to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Oyvind Tafjord , Bhavana Dalvi Mishra , Peter Clark

Five thousand variations of the RoBERTa model, an artificially intelligent "transformer" that can understand text language, completed an English literacy exam with 29 multiple-choice questions. Data were used to calculate the psychometric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Hotaka Maeda

Transformer-based language models have been shown to be highly effective for several NLP tasks. In this paper, we consider three transformer models, BERT, RoBERTa, and XLNet, in both small and large versions, and investigate how faithful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Akshay Chaturvedi , Swarnadeep Bhar , Soumadeep Saha , Utpal Garain , Nicholas Asher

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide variety of natural language tasks. However, they have been shown to suffer from a critical limitation pertinent to 'hallucination' in their output. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Neeraj Varshney , Satyam Raj , Venkatesh Mishra , Agneet Chatterjee , Ritika Sarkar , Amir Saeidi , Chitta Baral

Negation and uncertainty modeling are long-standing tasks in natural language processing. Linguistic theory postulates that expressions of negation and uncertainty are semantically independent from each other and the content they modify.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Jake Vasilakes , Chrysoula Zerva , Makoto Miwa , Sophia Ananiadou

In this work, we measure the impact of affixal negation on modern English large language models (LLMs). In affixal negation, the negated meaning is expressed through a negative morpheme, which is potentially challenging for LLMs as their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Thinh Hung Truong , Yulia Otmakhova , Karin Verspoor , Trevor Cohn , Timothy Baldwin

Negations are key to determining sentence meaning, making them essential for logical reasoning. Despite their importance, negations pose a substantial challenge for large language models (LLMs) and remain underexplored. We constructed and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Tereza Vrabcová , Marek Kadlčík , Petr Sojka , Michal Štefánik , Michal Spiegel

Language model probing is often used to test specific capabilities of models. However, conclusions from such studies may be limited when the probing benchmarks are small and lack statistical power. In this work, we introduce new, larger…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Namrata Shivagunde , Vladislav Lialin , Anna Rumshisky