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Researchers have investigated the potential of leveraging pre-trained language models, such as CodeBERT, to enhance source code-related tasks. Previous methodologies have relied on CodeBERT's '[CLS]' token as the embedding representation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yong Ma , Senlin Luo , Yu-Ming Shang , Yifei Zhang , Zhengjun Li

Language model benchmarks are pervasive and computationally-efficient proxies for real-world performance. However, many recent works find that benchmarks often fail to predict real utility. Towards bridging this gap, we introduce benchmark…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Marco Gutierrez , Xinyi Leng , Hannah Cyberey , Jonathan Richard Schwarz , Ahmed Alaa , Thomas Hartvigsen

Pre-trained models for Natural Languages (NL) like BERT and GPT have been recently shown to transfer well to Programming Languages (PL) and largely benefit a broad set of code-related tasks. Despite their success, most current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Yue Wang , Weishi Wang , Shafiq Joty , Steven C. H. Hoi

Understanding and reasoning about code semantics is essential for enhancing code LLMs' abilities to solve real-world software engineering (SE) tasks. Although several code reasoning benchmarks exist, most rely on synthetic datasets or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Monoshi Kumar Roy , Simin Chen , Benjamin Steenhoek , Jinjun Peng , Gail Kaiser , Baishakhi Ray , Wei Le

Code has become a standard component of modern foundation language model (LM) training, yet its role beyond programming remains unclear. We revisit the claim that code improves reasoning through controlled pretraining experiments on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuze Zhao , Junpeng Fang , Lu Yu , Zhenya Huang , Kai Zhang , Qing Cui , Qi Liu , Jun Zhou , Enhong Chen

Code translation migrates codebases across programming languages. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant advancements in software mining. However, handling the syntactic structure of source code remains a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yali Du , Hui Sun , Ming Li

Automatic code completion helps improve developers' productivity in their programming tasks. A program contains instructions expressed via code statements, which are considered as the basic units of program execution. In this paper, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Son Nguyen , Tien N. Nguyen , Yi Li , Shaohua Wang

Spoken language understanding is typically based on pipeline architectures including speech recognition and natural language understanding steps. These components are optimized independently to allow usage of available data, but the overall…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-13 Pavel Denisov , Ngoc Thang Vu

Understanding context is key to understanding human language, an ability which Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly seen to demonstrate to an impressive extent. However, though the evaluation of LLMs encompasses various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Yilun Zhu , Joel Ruben Antony Moniz , Shruti Bhargava , Jiarui Lu , Dhivya Piraviperumal , Site Li , Yuan Zhang , Hong Yu , Bo-Hsiang Tseng

Block-based programming languages like Scratch are increasingly popular for programming education and end-user programming. Recent program analyses build on the insight that source code can be modelled using techniques from natural language…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Elisabeth Griebl , Benedikt Fein , Florian Obermüller , Gordon Fraser , René Just

Bimodal software analysis initially appeared to be within reach with the advent of large language models. Unfortunately, the complex interplay of natural language text and code in software engineering, presents unique challenges that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Xunzhu Tang , Liran Wang , Yonghui Liu , Linzheng Chai , Jian Yang , Zhoujun Li , Haoye Tian , Jacques Klein , Tegawende F. Bissyande

We present CodeBERT, a bimodal pre-trained model for programming language (PL) and nat-ural language (NL). CodeBERT learns general-purpose representations that support downstream NL-PL applications such as natural language codesearch, code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Zhangyin Feng , Daya Guo , Duyu Tang , Nan Duan , Xiaocheng Feng , Ming Gong , Linjun Shou , Bing Qin , Ting Liu , Daxin Jiang , Ming Zhou

The success of neural language models (LMs) on many technological tasks has brought about their potential relevance as scientific theories of language despite some clear differences between LM training and child language acquisition. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Héctor Javier Vázquez Martínez , Annika Lea Heuser , Charles Yang , Jordan Kodner

Program synthesis strives to generate a computer program as a solution to a given problem specification, expressed with input-output examples or natural language descriptions. The prevalence of large language models advances the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Erik Nijkamp , Bo Pang , Hiroaki Hayashi , Lifu Tu , Huan Wang , Yingbo Zhou , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong

Recent work on speech representation models jointly pre-trained with text has demonstrated the potential of improving speech representations by encoding speech and text in a shared space. In this paper, we leverage such shared…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Chung-Ming Chien , Mingjiamei Zhang , Ju-Chieh Chou , Karen Livescu

Programming requires much more than just writing code in a programming language. It is usually done in the context of a stateful environment, by interacting with a system through a graphical user interface. Yet, this wide space of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Joel Jakubovic , Jonathan Edwards , Tomas Petricek

Due to the development of pre-trained language models, automated code generation techniques have shown great promise in recent years. However, the generated code is difficult to meet the syntactic constraints of the target language,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Guang Yang , Yu Zhou , Xiang Chen , Xiangyu Zhang , Yiran Xu , Tingting Han , Taolue Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in code generation, yet their true programming competence remains underexplored. We introduce the Code Triangle framework, which systematically evaluates LLMs across three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Taolin Zhang , Zihan Ma , Maosong Cao , Junnan Liu , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Large language models (LLMs) pretrained on vast source code have achieved prominent progress in code intelligence. However, existing code LLMs have two main limitations in terms of architecture and pretraining tasks. First, they often adopt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yue Wang , Hung Le , Akhilesh Deepak Gotmare , Nghi D. Q. Bui , Junnan Li , Steven C. H. Hoi

The ability to generate natural language sequences from source code snippets has a variety of applications such as code summarization, documentation, and retrieval. Sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models, adopted from neural machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Uri Alon , Shaked Brody , Omer Levy , Eran Yahav