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Uncertainty quantification in a neural network is one of the most discussed topics for safety-critical applications. Though Neural Networks (NNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance for many applications, they still provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Mehedi Hasan , Abbas Khosravi , Ibrahim Hossain , Ashikur Rahman , Saeid Nahavandi

Traditional neural networks provide deterministic predictions without inherent uncertainty estimates. While Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) offer a principled approach to uncertainty quantification, their computational complexity limits…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-25 Rouaa Hoblos , Noura Dridi , Noureddine Zerhouni , Zeina Al Masry

We develop a multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) framework for uncertainty quantification with Monte Carlo dropout. Treating dropout masks as a source of epistemic randomness, we define a fidelity hierarchy by the number of stochastic forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Aaron Pim , Tristan Pryer

Knowing the uncertainty associated with the output of a deep neural network is of paramount importance in making trustworthy decisions, particularly in high-stakes fields like medical diagnosis and autonomous systems. Monte Carlo Dropout…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Hamzeh Asgharnezhad , Afshar Shamsi , Roohallah Alizadehsani , Arash Mohammadi , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny

Among the various options to estimate uncertainty in deep neural networks, Monte-Carlo dropout is widely popular for its simplicity and effectiveness. However the quality of the uncertainty estimated through this method varies and choices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Francesco Verdoja , Ville Kyrki

Reliable uncertainty estimation is crucial for machine learning models, especially in safety-critical domains. While exact Bayesian inference offers a principled approach, it is often computationally infeasible for deep neural networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Aslak Djupskås , Alexander Johannes Stasik , Signe Riemer-Sørensen

Monte-Carlo (MC) Dropout provides a practical solution for estimating predictive distributions in deterministic neural networks. Traditional dropout, applied within the signal space, may fail to account for frequency-related noise common in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Tal Zeevi , Lawrence H. Staib , John A. Onofrey

Estimating predictive uncertainty is crucial for many computer vision tasks, from image classification to autonomous driving systems. Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) is an sampling method for performing Bayesian inference. On the other hand,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Diego Vergara , Sergio Hernández , Matias Valdenegro-Toro , Felipe Jorquera

Estimating epistemic uncertainty of models used in low-latency applications and Out-Of-Distribution samples detection is a challenge due to the computationally demanding nature of uncertainty estimation techniques. Estimating model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Akshatha Kamath , Dwaraknath Gnaneshwar , Matias Valdenegro-Toro

In this report, we present qualitative analysis of Monte Carlo (MC) dropout method for measuring model uncertainty in neural network (NN) models. We first consider the sources of uncertainty in NNs, and briefly review Bayesian Neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-06 Ronald Seoh

This study examines the role of uncertainty estimation (UE) methods in multilingual text classification under noisy and non-topical conditions. Using a complex-vs-simple sentence classification task across several languages, we evaluate a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nouran Khallaf , Serge Sharoff

We propose DropMax, a stochastic version of softmax classifier which at each iteration drops non-target classes according to dropout probabilities adaptively decided for each instance. Specifically, we overlay binary masking variables over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Hae Beom Lee , Juho Lee , Saehoon Kim , Eunho Yang , Sung Ju Hwang

In classification tasks, softmax functions are ubiquitously used as output activations to produce predictive probabilities. Such outputs only capture aleatoric uncertainty. To capture epistemic uncertainty, approximate Gaussian inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Bálint Mucsányi , Nathaël Da Costa , Philipp Hennig

Monte Carlo (MC) dropout is a simple and efficient ensembling method that can improve the accuracy and confidence calibration of high-capacity deep neural network models. However, MC dropout is not as effective as more compute-intensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Zhilu Zhang , Vianne R. Gao , Mert R. Sabuncu

The softmax representation of probabilities for categorical variables plays a prominent role in modern machine learning with numerous applications in areas such as large scale classification, neural language modeling and recommendation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-01 Michalis K. Titsias

Monte Carlo dropout may effectively capture model uncertainty in deep learning, where a measure of uncertainty is obtained by using multiple instances of dropout at test time. However, Monte Carlo dropout is applied across the whole network…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-03 Liangping Ma , John Kaewell

The Monte Carlo dropout method has proved to be a scalable and easy-to-use approach for estimating the uncertainty of deep neural network predictions. This approach was recently applied to Fault Detection and Di-agnosis (FDD) applications…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Baihong Jin , Yingshui Tan , Yuxin Chen , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli

If the conclusion of a data analysis is sensitive to dropping very few data points, that conclusion might hinge on the particular data at hand rather than representing a more broadly applicable truth. How could we check whether this…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-12 Tin D. Nguyen , Ryan Giordano , Rachael Meager , Tamara Broderick

The Monte Carlo (MC) method is the most common technique used for uncertainty quantification, due to its simplicity and good statistical results. However, its computational cost is extremely high, and, in many cases, prohibitive.…

Computation · Statistics 2021-05-21 A. Cunha , R. Nasser , R. Sampaio , H. Lopes , K. Breitman

The examination of uncertainty in the predictions of machine learning (ML) models is receiving increasing attention. One uncertainty modeling technique used for this purpose is Monte-Carlo (MC)-Dropout, where repeated predictions are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Florian Heidecker , Ahmad El-Khateeb , Bernhard Sick
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