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Large language models (LLMs) often need to balance their internal parametric knowledge with external information, such as user beliefs and content from retrieved documents, in real-world scenarios like RAG or chat-based systems. A model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Shuowei Li , Haoxin Li , Wenda Chu , Yi Fang

Large language models (LLMs) often encounter knowledge conflicts, scenarios where discrepancy arises between the internal parametric knowledge of LLMs and non-parametric information provided in the prompt context. In this work we ask what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yike Wang , Shangbin Feng , Heng Wang , Weijia Shi , Vidhisha Balachandran , Tianxing He , Yulia Tsvetkov

Knowledge-dependent tasks typically use two sources of knowledge: parametric, learned at training time, and contextual, given as a passage at inference time. To understand how models use these sources together, we formalize the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Shayne Longpre , Kartik Perisetla , Anthony Chen , Nikhil Ramesh , Chris DuBois , Sameer Singh

Large language models (LLMs) can store a significant amount of factual knowledge in their parameters. However, their parametric knowledge may conflict with the information provided in the context. Such conflicts can lead to undesirable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yu Zhao , Xiaotang Du , Giwon Hong , Aryo Pradipta Gema , Alessio Devoto , Hongru Wang , Xuanli He , Kam-Fai Wong , Pasquale Minervini

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates many problems of fully parametric language models, such as temporal degradation, hallucinations, and lack of grounding. In RAG, the model's knowledge can be updated from documents provided in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Evgenii Kortukov , Alexander Rubinstein , Elisa Nguyen , Seong Joon Oh

Large Language Models (LLMs) encode vast world knowledge across multiple languages, yet their internal beliefs are often unevenly distributed across linguistic spaces. When external evidence contradicts these language-dependent memories,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiaqi Zhao , Qiang Huang , Haodong Chen , Xiaoxing You , Jun Yu

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a commonly used approach for enhancing large language models (LLMs) with relevant and up-to-date information. However, the retrieved sources can often contain conflicting information and it remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Arie Cattan , Alon Jacovi , Ori Ram , Jonathan Herzig , Roee Aharoni , Sasha Goldshtein , Eran Ofek , Idan Szpektor , Avi Caciularu

Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with retrieval mechanisms have demonstrated significant potential in fact-checking tasks by integrating external knowledge. However, their reliability decreases when confronted with conflicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Ziyu Ge , Yuhao Wu , Daniel Wai Kit Chin , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Rui Cao

This survey provides an in-depth analysis of knowledge conflicts for large language models (LLMs), highlighting the complex challenges they encounter when blending contextual and parametric knowledge. Our focus is on three categories of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rongwu Xu , Zehan Qi , Zhijiang Guo , Cunxiang Wang , Hongru Wang , Yue Zhang , Wei Xu

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities in question answering and reasoning thanks to their extensive parametric memory. However, their knowledge is inherently limited by the scope of their pre-training data, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Atahan Özer , Çağatay Yıldız

As large language models (LLMs) are more frequently used in retrieval-augmented generation pipelines, it is increasingly relevant to study their behavior under knowledge conflicts. Thus far, the role of the source of the retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jakob Schuster , Vagrant Gautam , Katja Markert

By providing external information to large language models (LLMs), tool augmentation (including retrieval augmentation) has emerged as a promising solution for addressing the limitations of LLMs' static parametric memory. However, how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Jian Xie , Kai Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Renze Lou , Yu Su

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has significantly influenced the quality of information in decision-making systems, leading to the prevalence of AI-generated content and challenges in detecting misinformation and managing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Cheng Jiayang , Chunkit Chan , Qianqian Zhuang , Lin Qiu , Tianhang Zhang , Tengxiao Liu , Yangqiu Song , Yue Zhang , Pengfei Liu , Zheng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) draw on both contextual information and parametric memory, yet these sources can conflict. Prior studies have largely examined this issue in contextual question answering, implicitly assuming that tasks should…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Kaiser Sun , Fan Bai , Mark Dredze

Large Language Models (LLMs) often encounter conflicts between their learned, internal (parametric knowledge, PK) and external knowledge provided during inference (contextual knowledge, CK). Understanding how LLMs models prioritize one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zineddine Tighidet , Andrea Mogini , Jiali Mei , Benjamin Piwowarski , Patrick Gallinari

Large Language Models have been shown to contain extensive world knowledge in their parameters, enabling impressive performance on many knowledge intensive tasks. However, when deployed in novel settings, LLMs often encounter situations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Khurram Yamin , Gaurav Ghosal , Bryan Wilder

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive prowess in solving a wide range of tasks with world knowledge. However, it remains unclear how well LLMs are able to perceive their factual knowledge boundaries, particularly under…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Ruiyang Ren , Yuhao Wang , Yingqi Qu , Wayne Xin Zhao , Jing Liu , Hao Tian , Hua Wu , Ji-Rong Wen , Haifeng Wang

Resolving knowledge conflicts is a crucial challenge in Question Answering (QA) tasks, as the internet contains numerous conflicting facts and opinions. While some research has made progress in tackling ambiguous settings where multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Sagi Shaier , Ari Kobren , Philip Ogren

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods are viable solutions for addressing the static memory limits of pre-trained language models. Nevertheless, encountering conflicting sources of information within the retrieval context is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Quang Hieu Pham , Hoang Ngo , Anh Tuan Luu , Dat Quoc Nguyen

Despite the dramatic progress in Large Language Model (LLM) development, LLMs often provide seemingly plausible but not factual information, often referred to as hallucinations. Retrieval-augmented LLMs provide a non-parametric approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Sai Munikoti , Anurag Acharya , Sridevi Wagle , Sameera Horawalavithana
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