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Proteins perform their biological functions through three-dimensional structures encoded by amino acid sequences, and ligand-binding protein co-design requires models that generate sequence-structure compatible proteins under explicit…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-28 Chen Wei , Fanding Xu , Minghao Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Lin Wang , Tianrui Jia , Yihang Zhou , Yang Zhang

Diffusion models have demonstrated exceptional efficacy in various generative applications. While existing models focus on minimizing a weighted sum of denoising score matching losses for data distribution modeling, their training primarily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Ling Yang , Haotian Qian , Zhilong Zhang , Jingwei Liu , Bin Cui

Diffusion-based models have shown great promise in molecular generation but often require a large number of sampling steps to generate valid samples. In this paper, we introduce a novel Straight-Line Diffusion Model (SLDM) to tackle this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yuyan Ni , Shikun Feng , Haohan Chi , Bowen Zheng , Huan-ang Gao , Wei-Ying Ma , Zhi-Ming Ma , Yanyan Lan

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) aims to generate potential drugs that can bind to a target protein and is greatly expedited by the aid of AI techniques in generative models. However, a lack of systematic understanding persists due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Haitao Lin , Guojiang Zhao , Odin Zhang , Yufei Huang , Lirong Wu , Zicheng Liu , Siyuan Li , Cheng Tan , Zhifeng Gao , Stan Z. Li

Diffusion models have emerged as a leading framework in generative modeling, poised to transform the traditionally slow and costly process of drug discovery. This review provides a systematic comparison of their application in designing two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yiquan Wang , Yahui Ma , Yuhan Chang , Jiayao Yan , Jialin Zhang , Minnuo Cai , Kai Wei

Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD) is crucial for identifying bioactive molecules. Recent deep generative models are faced with challenges in geometric structure modeling. A major bottleneck lies in the twisted probability path of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-06 Keyue Qiu , Yuxuan Song , Zhehuan Fan , Peidong Liu , Zhe Zhang , Mingyue Zheng , Hao Zhou , Wei-Ying Ma

Dual-target structure-based drug design aims to generate a single ligand together with two pocket-specific binding poses, each compatible with a corresponding target pocket, enabling polypharmacological therapies with improved efficacy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jianliang Wu , Anjie Qiao , Zhen Wang , Zhewei Wei , Sheng Chen

Generative models have the potential to accelerate key steps in the discovery of novel molecular therapeutics and materials. Diffusion models have recently emerged as a powerful approach, excelling at unconditional sample generation and,…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-17 Leo Klarner , Tim G. J. Rudner , Garrett M. Morris , Charlotte M. Deane , Yee Whye Teh

Molecular docking, a key technique in structure-based drug design, plays pivotal roles in protein-ligand interaction modeling, hit identification and optimization, in which accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding mode is essential.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-20 Jintao Zhu , Zhonghui Gu , Jianfeng Pei , Luhua Lai

Structure-based drug design uses three-dimensional geometric information of macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, to identify suitable ligands. Geometric deep learning, an emerging concept of neural-network-based machine…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-10-21 Clemens Isert , Kenneth Atz , Gisbert Schneider

Ligand molecule conformation generation is a critical challenge in drug discovery. Deep learning models have been developed to tackle this problem, particularly through the use of generative models in recent years. However, these models…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-02 Jiamin Wu , He Cao , Yuan Yao

Therapeutic antibodies require not only high-affinity target engagement, but also favorable manufacturability, stability, and safety profiles for clinical effectiveness. These properties are collectively called `developability'. To enable a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Siqi Zhao , Joshua Moller , Porfi Quintero-Cadena , Lood van Niekerk

Generating molecules that bind to specific protein targets via diffusion models has shown good promise for structure-based drug design and molecule optimization. Especially, the diffusion models with binding interaction guidance enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Anjie Qiao , Hao Zhang , Qianmu Yuan , Qirui Deng , Jingtian Su , Weifeng Huang , Huihao Zhou , Guo-Bo Li , Zhen Wang , Jinping Lei

The goal of structure-based drug discovery is to find small molecules that bind to a given target protein. Deep learning has been used to generate drug-like molecules with certain cheminformatic properties, but has not yet been applied to…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-27 Matthew Ragoza , Tomohide Masuda , David Ryan Koes

Structure-based drug design has seen significant advancements with the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the generation of hit and lead compounds. However, most AI-driven approaches neglect the importance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Xinheng He , Yijia Zhang , Haowei Lin , Xingang Peng , Xiangzhe Kong , Mingyu Li , Jianzhu Ma

Scaffold based drug discovery (SBDD) is a technique for drug discovery which pins chemical scaffolds as the framework of design. Scaffolds, or molecular frameworks, organize the design of compounds into local neighborhoods. We formalize…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-09-13 Austin Clyde , Ashka Shah , Max Zvyagin , Arvind Ramanathan , Rick Stevens

We propose a hierarchical protein backbone generative model that separates coarse and fine-grained details. Our approach called LSD consists of two stages: sampling latents which are decoded into a contact map then sampling atomic…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-04-15 Jason Yim , Marouane Jaakik , Ge Liu , Jacob Gershon , Karsten Kreis , David Baker , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Therapeutic antibody candidates often require extensive engineering to improve key functional and developability properties before clinical development. This can be achieved through iterative design, where starting molecules are optimized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Aniruddh Raghu , Sebastian Ober , Maxwell Kazman , Hunter Elliott

Molecule generation, especially generating 3D molecular geometries from scratch (i.e., 3D \textit{de novo} generation), has become a fundamental task in drug designs. Existing diffusion-based 3D molecule generation methods could suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Lei Huang , Hengtong Zhang , Tingyang Xu , Ka-Chun Wong

Protein design with desirable properties has been a significant challenge for many decades. Generative artificial intelligence is a promising approach and has achieved great success in various protein generation tasks. Notably, diffusion…