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In neural Information Retrieval, ongoing research is directed towards improving the first retriever in ranking pipelines. Learning dense embeddings to conduct retrieval using efficient approximate nearest neighbors methods has proven to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Thibault Formal , Benjamin Piwowarski , Stéphane Clinchant

Sparse document representations have been widely used to retrieve relevant documents via exact lexical matching. Owing to the pre-computed inverted index, it supports fast ad-hoc search but incurs the vocabulary mismatch problem. Although…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Eunseong Choi , Sunkyung Lee , Minjin Choi , Hyeseon Ko , Young-In Song , Jongwuk Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in language comprehension and generation but are prone to hallucinations, producing factually incorrect or unsupported outputs. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems address this issue by grounding…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Chandana Sree Mala , Gizem Gezici , Fosca Giannotti

The correct specification of reward models is a well-known challenge in reinforcement learning. Hand-crafted reward functions often lead to inefficient or suboptimal policies and may not be aligned with user values. Reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Muhan Lin , Shuyang Shi , Yue Guo , Behdad Chalaki , Vaishnav Tadiparthi , Ehsan Moradi Pari , Simon Stepputtis , Joseph Campbell , Katia Sycara

This paper presents a significant improvement on the previous conference paper known as DefSent. The prior study seeks to improve sentence embeddings of language models by projecting definition sentences into the vector space of dictionary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xiaodong Liu

In recent research, contrastive learning has proven to be a highly effective method for representation learning and is widely used for dense retrieval. However, we identify that relying solely on contrastive learning can lead to suboptimal…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Yang Bai , Anthony Colas , Christan Grant , Daisy Zhe Wang

Recently, retrieval systems based on dense representations have led to important improvements in open-domain question answering, and related tasks. While very effective, this approach is also memory intensive, as the dense vectors for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Gautier Izacard , Fabio Petroni , Lucas Hosseini , Nicola De Cao , Sebastian Riedel , Edouard Grave

Lexical and semantic matching capture different successful approaches to text retrieval and the fusion of their results has proven to be more effective and robust than either alone. Prior work performs hybrid retrieval by conducting lexical…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Sheng-Chieh Lin , Jimmy Lin

Dense retrieval systems increasingly need to handle complex queries. In many realistic settings, users express intent through long instructions or task-specific descriptions, while target documents remain relatively simple and static. This…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Seiji Maekawa , Moin Aminnaseri , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

Large language models show impressive results on few-shot NLP tasks. However, these models are memory and computation-intensive. Meta-training allows one to leverage smaller models for few-shot generalization in a domain-general and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Aaron Mueller , Kanika Narang , Lambert Mathias , Qifan Wang , Hamed Firooz

We propose RaDeR, a set of reasoning-based dense retrieval models trained with data derived from mathematical problem solving using large language models (LLMs). Our method leverages retrieval-augmented reasoning trajectories of an LLM and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Debrup Das , Sam O' Nuallain , Razieh Rahimi

Inference, especially those derived from inductive processes, is a crucial component in our conversation to complement the information implicitly or explicitly conveyed by a speaker. While recent large language models show remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Etsuko Ishii , Yan Xu , Bryan Wilie , Ziwei Ji , Holy Lovenia , Willy Chung , Pascale Fung

Information retrieval is an important application area of natural-language processing where one encounters the genuine challenge of processing large quantities of unrestricted natural-language text. This paper reports on the application of…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 David A. Evans , Chengxiang Zhai

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge bases, achieving state-of-the-art results in various coding tasks. The core of RAG is retrieving demonstration examples, which is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Pengfei He , Shaowei Wang , Shaiful Chowdhury , Tse-Hsun Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) with extended reasoning capabilities often generate verbose and redundant reasoning traces, incurring unnecessary computational cost. While existing reinforcement learning approaches address this by optimizing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Chengwei Wei , Jung-jae Kim , Longyin Zhang , Shengkai Chen , Nancy F. Chen

The semantic gap between colloquial user queries and professional legal documents presents a fundamental challenge in Legal Case Retrieval (LCR). Existing dense retrieval methods typically treat LCR as a black-box semantic matching process,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Minghan Li , Tianrui Lv , Chao Zhang , Guodong Zhou

Many applications of large language models (LLMs) require deductive reasoning, yet models frequently produce incorrect or redundant inference steps. We frame natural language inference as a search problem where the final answer is the valid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andreas Opedal , Francesco Ignazio Re , Abulhair Saparov , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Ryan Cotterell

We propose a two-stage "Mine and Refine" contrastive training framework for semantic text embeddings to enhance multi-category e-commerce search retrieval. Large scale e-commerce search demands embeddings that generalize to long tail, noisy…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Jiaqi Xi , Raghav Saboo , Luming Chen , Martin Wang , Sudeep Das

Dense retrieval models are commonly used in Information Retrieval (IR) applications, such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). Since they often serve as the first step in these systems, their robustness is critical to avoid downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mohsen Fayyaz , Ali Modarressi , Hinrich Schuetze , Nanyun Peng

Ranking consistently emerges as a primary focus in information retrieval research. Retrieval and ranking models serve as the foundation for numerous applications, including web search, open domain QA, enterprise domain QA, and text-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Hansa Meghwani