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We investigate improving the retrieval effectiveness of embedding models through the lens of corpus-specific fine-tuning. Prior work has shown that fine-tuning with queries generated using a dataset's retrieval corpus can boost retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Manveer Singh Tamber , Suleman Kazi , Vivek Sourabh , Jimmy Lin

Dense retrieval requires high-quality text sequence embeddings to support effective search in the representation space. Autoencoder-based language models are appealing in dense retrieval as they train the encoder to output high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Shuqi Lu , Di He , Chenyan Xiong , Guolin Ke , Waleed Malik , Zhicheng Dou , Paul Bennett , Tieyan Liu , Arnold Overwijk

Dense retrieval (DR) has shown promising results in information retrieval. In essence, DR requires high-quality text representations to support effective search in the representation space. Recent studies have shown that pre-trained…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Xinyu Ma , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Yixing Fan , Xueqi Cheng

Pre-trained Transformer language models (LM) have become go-to text representation encoders. Prior research fine-tunes deep LMs to encode text sequences such as sentences and passages into single dense vector representations for efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Luyu Gao , Jamie Callan

Search agents powered by large language models can autonomously decompose queries, retrieve information, and synthesize answers through multi-step reasoning. However, the rapid growth of training methods has outpaced controlled comparison:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yibo Zhao , Zichen Ding , Jiayi Wu , Zun Wang , Xiang Li

Recently, information retrieval has seen the emergence of dense retrievers, using neural networks, as an alternative to classical sparse methods based on term-frequency. These models have obtained state-of-the-art results on datasets and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Gautier Izacard , Mathilde Caron , Lucas Hosseini , Sebastian Riedel , Piotr Bojanowski , Armand Joulin , Edouard Grave

In modern e-commerce search systems, dense retrieval has become an indispensable component. By computing similarities between query and item (product) embeddings, it efficiently selects candidate products from large-scale repositories. With…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jianting Tang , Dongshuai Li , Tao Wen , Fuyu Lv , Dan Ou , Linli Xu

Dense retrieval has shown promising results in many information retrieval (IR) related tasks, whose foundation is high-quality text representation learning for effective search. Some recent studies have shown that autoencoder-based language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Xinyu Ma , Jiafeng Guo , Ruqing Zhang , Yixing Fan , Xueqi Cheng

In this paper, we systematically study the potential of pre-training with Large Language Model(LLM)-based document expansion for dense passage retrieval. Concretely, we leverage the capabilities of LLMs for document expansion, i.e. query…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Guangyuan Ma , Xing Wu , Peng Wang , Zijia Lin , Songlin Hu

The explosive growth of video streaming presents challenges in achieving high accuracy and low training costs for video-language retrieval. However, existing methods rely on large-scale pre-training to improve video retrieval performance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Haoyu Zhao , Jiaxi Gu , Shicong Wang , Xing Zhang , Hang Xu , Zuxuan Wu , Yu-Gang Jiang

In recent years, dense retrieval has been the focus of information retrieval (IR) research. While effective, dense retrieval produces uninterpretable dense vectors, and suffers from the drawback of large index size. Learned sparse retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Zhichao Xu , Aosong Feng , Yijun Tian , Haibo Ding , Lin Lee Cheong

Dense retrieval has become the industry standard in large-scale information retrieval systems due to its high efficiency and competitive accuracy. Its core relies on a coarse-to-fine hierarchical architecture that enables rapid candidate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Huimu Wang , Yiming Qiu , Xingzhi Yao , Zhiguo Chen , Guoyu Tang , Songlin Wang , Sulong Xu , Mingming Li

Conversational dense retrieval has shown to be effective in conversational search. However, a major limitation of conversational dense retrieval is their lack of interpretability, hindering intuitive understanding of model behaviors for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Yiruo Cheng , Kelong Mao , Zhicheng Dou

Dense retrieval is becoming one of the standard approaches for document and passage ranking. The dual-encoder architecture is widely adopted for scoring question-passage pairs due to its efficiency and high performance. Typically, dense…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Georgios Sidiropoulos , Evangelos Kanoulas

Despite considerable progress in neural relevance ranking techniques, search engines still struggle to process complex queries effectively - both in terms of precision and recall. Sparse and dense Pseudo-Relevance Feedback (PRF) approaches…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Iain Mackie , Shubham Chatterjee , Sean MacAvaney , Jeffrey Dalton

Explaining why dense retrievers assign high relevance scores remains challenging because retrieval decisions are made through opaque high-dimensional embeddings. Existing explanations often focus on surface signals, such as lexical matches,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhixin Cai , Jun Bai , Yang Liu , Jiaqi Li , Yichi Zhang , Taichuan Li , Zhuofan Chen , Zixia Jia , Zilong Zheng , Wenge Rong

Dense retrieval, which encodes queries and documents into a single dense vector, has become the dominant neural retrieval approach due to its simplicity and compatibility with fast approximate nearest neighbor algorithms. As the tasks dense…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Julian Killingback , Mahta Rafiee , Madine Manas , Hamed Zamani

Dense retrievers have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various information retrieval tasks, but to what extent can they be safely deployed in real-world applications? In this work, we propose a novel attack for dense retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zexuan Zhong , Ziqing Huang , Alexander Wettig , Danqi Chen

This paper improves the deep attractor network (DANet) approach by closing its gap between training and inference. During training, DANet relies on attractors, which are computed from the ground truth separations. As this information is not…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-07 Cyril Cadoux , Stefan Uhlich , Marc Ferras , Yuki Mitsufuji

Dense retrieval has become a prominent method to obtain relevant context or world knowledge in open-domain NLP tasks. When we use a learned dense retriever on a retrieval corpus at inference time, an often-overlooked design choice is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Tong Chen , Hongwei Wang , Sihao Chen , Wenhao Yu , Kaixin Ma , Xinran Zhao , Hongming Zhang , Dong Yu