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Random numbers are required for a variety of applications from secure communications to Monte-Carlo simulation. Yet randomness is an asymptotic property and no output string generated by a physical device can be strictly proven to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-28 Anatoly Kulikov , Markus Jerger , Anton Potočnik , Andreas Wallraff , Arkady Fedorov

The laws of quantum mechanics allow unconditionally secure key distribution protocols. Nevertheless, security proofs of traditional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols rely on a crucial assumption, the trustworthiness of the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-08 Umesh Vazirani , Thomas Vidick

Random number generators are essential to ensure performance in information technologies, including cryptography, stochastic simulations and massive data processing. The quality of random numbers ultimately determines the security and…

Certifying that quantum devices behave as intended is crucial for quantum information science. Here, methods are developed for certification of both state preparation devices and measurement devices based on prepare-and-measure experiments…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-07 Armin Tavakoli

We implement a quantum random number generator based on a balanced homodyne measurement of vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. The digitized signal is directly processed with a fast randomness extraction scheme based on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-31 Yicheng Shi , Brenda Chng , Christian Kurtsiefer

Quantum random number generator (QRNG) utilizes the intrinsic randomness of quantum systems to generate completely unpredictable and genuine random numbers, finding wide applications across many fields. QRNGs relying on the phase noise of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Jialiang Li , Zitao Huang , Chunlin Yu , Jiajie Wu , Tongge Zhao , Xiangwei Zhu , Shihai Sun

Producing quantum states at random has become increasingly important in modern quantum science, with applications both theoretical and practical. In particular, ensembles of such randomly-distributed, but pure, quantum states underly our…

We describe a novel tool for the quantum characterization of optical devices. The experimental setup involves a stable reference state that undergoes an unknown quantum transformation and is then revealed by balanced homodyne detection.…

While quantum computers have the potential to perform a wide range of practically important tasks beyond the capabilities of classical computers, realizing this potential remains a challenge. One such task is to use an untrusted remote…

Recently, a novel framework for semi-device-independent quantum prepare-and-measure protocols has been proposed, based on the assumption of a limited distinguishability between the prepared quantum states. Here, we discuss the problem of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-11 Weixu Shi , Yu Cai , Jonatan Bohr Brask , Hugo Zbinden , Nicolas Brunner

Device-independent quantum key distribution (QKD) can permit the superior security even with unknown devices. In practice, however, the realization of device-independent QKD is technically challenging because of its low noise tolerance. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-22 Feihu Xu , Yu-Zhe Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Randomness in Bell test data can be device-independently certified by Bell's theorem without placing assumptions about the experimental devices. The device-independent randomness has very demanding requirement about the experimental devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-21 Xing Chen , Kai Redeker , Robert Garthoff , Wenjamin Rosenfeld , Jörg Wrachtrup , Ilja Gerhardt

We present a random number generator based on quantum effects in photonic emission and detection. It is unique in simultaneous use of both spatial and temporal quantum information contained in the system which makes it resilient to hardware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-21 Mario Stipčević , John Bowers

Device-independent protocols use nonlocality to certify that they are performing properly. This is achieved via Bell experiments on entangled quantum systems, which are kept isolated from one another during the measurements. However, with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-26 Jonathan Silman , Stefano Pironio , Serge Massar

In recent years, several hacking attacks have broken the security of quantum cryptography implementations by exploiting the presence of losses and the ability of the eavesdropper to tune detection efficiencies. We present a simple attack of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-28 Antonio Acín , Daniel Cavalcanti , Elsa Passaro , Stefano Pironio , Paul Skrzypczyk

Random Number Generators (RNGs) are crucial for applications ranging from cryptography to simulations. Depending on the source of randomness, RNGs are classified into Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs), True Random Number Generators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Anurag K. S. V. , Shubham Chouhan , K. Srinivasan , G. Raghavan , Kanaka Raju P

Quantum technologies offer significant advancements in information processing and communication, notably in the domain of random number generation (RNG). The use of Bell inequalities enables users to certify the randomness of outputs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Robert Okuła , Piotr Mironowicz

Full reconstruction of quantum states from measurement samples is often a prohibitively complex task, both in terms of the experimental setup and the scaling of the sample size with the system. This motivates the relatively easier task of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Clara Wassner , Jack Davis , Sacha Cerf , Ulysse Chabaud , Francesco Arzani

As a fundamental phenomenon in nature, randomness has a wide range of applications in the fields of science and engineering. Among different types of random number generators (RNG), quantum random number generator (QRNG) is a kind of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-19 Bingjie Xu , Ziyang Chen , Zhengyu Li , Jie Yang , Qi Su , Wei Huang , Yichen Zhang , Hong Guo

Quantum state tomography is the task of inferring the state of a quantum system by appropriate measurements. Since the frequency distributions of the outcomes of any finite number of measurements will generally deviate from their asymptotic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-11-08 Matthias Christandl , Renato Renner