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A challenge towards developing NLP systems for the world's languages is understanding how they generalize to typological differences relevant for real-world applications. To this end, we propose M2C, a morphologically-aware framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Ester Hlavnova , Sebastian Ruder

Multilingual pretrained language models (mPLMs) acquire valuable, generalizable linguistic information during pretraining and have advanced the state of the art on task-specific finetuning. To date, only ~31 out of ~2,000 African languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ife Adebara , AbdelRahim Elmadany , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed , Alcides Alcoba Inciarte

By introducing a small set of additional parameters, a probe learns to solve specific linguistic tasks (e.g., dependency parsing) in a supervised manner using feature representations (e.g., contextualized embeddings). The effectiveness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Zhiyong Wu , Yun Chen , Ben Kao , Qun Liu

Common designs of model evaluation typically focus on monolingual settings, where different models are compared according to their performance on a single data set that is assumed to be representative of all possible data for the task at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Zoey Liu , Emily Prud'hommeaux

Recent advancements in NLP have given us models like mBERT and XLMR that can serve over 100 languages. The languages that these models are evaluated on, however, are very few in number, and it is unlikely that evaluation datasets will cover…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Anirudh Srinivasan , Sunayana Sitaram , Tanuja Ganu , Sandipan Dandapat , Kalika Bali , Monojit Choudhury

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, ensuring their effectiveness across multiple languages presents unique challenges. Multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shubham Vatsal , Harsh Dubey , Aditi Singh

In this paper, we propose to study language modelling as a multi-task problem, bringing together three strands of research: multi-task learning, linguistics, and interpretability. Based on hypotheses derived from linguistic theory, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Lucas Weber , Jaap Jumelet , Elia Bruni , Dieuwke Hupkes

This paper introduces MauBERT, a multilingual extension of HuBERT that leverages articulatory features for robust cross-lingual phonetic representation learning. We continue HuBERT pre-training with supervision based on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Angelo Ortiz Tandazo , Manel Khentout , Youssef Benchekroun , Thomas Hueber , Emmanuel Dupoux

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained large popularity among Natural Language Processing (NLP) researchers and practitioners. These models, trained on huge datasets, show proficiency across various languages and demonstrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Daniil Gurgurov , Tanja Bäumel , Tatiana Anikina

The multilingual BERT model is trained on 104 languages and meant to serve as a universal language model and tool for encoding sentences. We explore how well the model performs on several languages across several tasks: a diagnostic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Samuel Rönnqvist , Jenna Kanerva , Tapio Salakoski , Filip Ginter

Providing better language tools for low-resource and endangered languages is imperative for equitable growth. Recent progress with massively multilingual pretrained models has proven surprisingly effective at performing zero-shot transfer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Louis Clouâtre , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Amal Zouaq , Sarath Chandar

We introduce a multilabel probing task to assess the morphosyntactic representations of word embeddings from multilingual language models. We demonstrate this task with multilingual BERT (Devlin et al., 2018), training probes for seven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Naomi Tachikawa Shapiro , Amandalynne Paullada , Shane Steinert-Threlkeld

We introduce a typology-aware diagnostic for multilingual masked language models that tests reliance on word order versus inflectional form. Using Universal Dependencies, we apply inference-time perturbations: full token scrambling,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Anna Feldman , Libby Barak , Jing Peng

System prompts provide a lightweight yet powerful mechanism for conditioning large language models (LLMs) at inference time. While prior work has focused on English-only settings, real-world deployments benefit from having a single prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Lechen Zhang , Yusheng Zhou , Tolga Ergen , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , David Jurgens

To what extent can neural network models learn generalizations about language structure, and how do we find out what they have learned? We explore these questions by training neural models for a range of natural language processing tasks on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Robert Östling , Murathan Kurfalı

The outstanding performance of transformer-based language models on a great variety of NLP and NLU tasks has stimulated interest in exploring their inner workings. Recent research has focused primarily on higher-level and complex linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Vladislav Mikhailov , Oleg Serikov , Ekaterina Artemova

Large language models (LLMs) provide detailed and impressive responses to queries in English. However, are they really consistent at responding to the same query in other languages? The popular way of evaluating for multilingual performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ashim Gupta , Maitrey Mehta , Zhichao Xu , Vivek Srikumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable instruction-following capabilities across various applications. However, their performance in multilingual settings lacks systematic investigation, with existing evaluations lacking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhenyu Li , Kehai Chen , Yunfei Long , Xuefeng Bai , Yaoyin Zhang , Xuchen Wei , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) are advancing rapidly, with new models frequently claiming support for an increasing number of languages. However, existing evaluation datasets are limited and lack cross-lingual alignment, leaving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Wenhan Han , Yifan Zhang , Zhixun Chen , Binbin Liu , Haobin Lin , Bingni Zhang , Taifeng Wang , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Meng Fang , Yin Zheng

Multilingual Large Language Models (mLLMs) leaderboards report per-language accuracy but rarely explain why disparities emerge, leaving systemic biases unattributed and offering practitioners no actionable levers. We first establish that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Manan Uppadhyay , Prashant Kodali , Pranjal Chitale , Reshma Ramaprasad , Himanshu Beniwal , Sunayana Sitaram